金代饮食生活研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 04:28

  本文选题：金代 + 生活　； 参考：《西北大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：10-13世纪是中国古代一个碰撞、融合的历史时期,饮食作为人类生存和发展的物质基础,是社会生活的最基本形式之一,也深受历史环境的影响。女真人崛起于“白山、黑水”的东北地区,历经征战收继了辽、北宋的大片领土,逐渐将金朝的领土范围拓展至秦岭、淮河一线,统治了中国北方半壁疆域,因而金代饮食生活也吸收了辽和北宋的饮食习俗。金朝同时与辽、宋、西夏、蒙古等政权有着激烈的对峙、频繁的交流,这也对金代的饮食生活产生了重要的影响。总之,从整体上看,金代的饮食生活具有多民族饮食融合的特点。金代饮食生活较为丰富。首先,饮食种类丰富。金朝疆域广博,物产丰富,多民族杂居,随着社会经济的发展,金代逐步形成了以缈、粥、面食、糕点等为主食,以肉乳、蔬菜、瓜果、调味品等为副食,以水、酒、茶、乳、汤等为饮品的丰富饮食种类,并且向以农产品为主的趋势发展。其次,饮食加工和烹制进一步促进饮食生活的丰富。随着颗粒类粮食在饮食中逐渐占据主导地位,与饮食加工相关的磨、砻、杵臼和碓等工具得以普及和改进,烹制方式也由早期粗放的燔、烹、煮或生脔等,发展至针对谷物、肉乳、蔬菜、饮品而采用的蒸、煮、煎、烤、腌渍等烹制方式,使得食物烹制更加精细和讲究。最后,金代饮食习俗不断融合发展。在女真族传统饮食基础之上,通过女真、契丹、汉、渤海、奚等各民族的交流,在日常餐制与座次、岁时节日、人生礼仪等方面融合了辽、宋社会的饮食习俗,逐渐产生了饮食娱乐、饮食治疗、饮食营养等思想,展现了金人对饮食有了进一步的认识,拓深了饮食文化。金代的饮食器具颇具特点。饮食器具种类、质地的变迁发展得益于民族交流与融合,并推动了金代饮食方式的变迁。早期主要使用木质的盘、ij、碗等较为简陋的饮食器具,随着金代陶瓷业的进一步发展,出现了碗、盆、盘、罐、瓶等陶瓷盛食器,盏、杯、盅、壶等陶瓷饮具。在具体的使用过程中,逐渐形成了以匕、箸、勺、匙等多种进食工具搭配使用的进餐方式。从社会的角度来看金代饮食生活,其一,具有很强的阶层性差异。金代社会有皇室、官僚、富者、平民等阶层,统治阶层和富者饮食注重享受、娱乐和尊卑,平民百姓则常以野菜、糠米果腹,饮食阶层性差异较为明显。另外,金人在平日居家、宴饮、宗教信仰等方面所使用的饮食器具,也体现了金代饮食生活的阶层性差异。其二,各民族饮食文化的融合较为明显。金代饮食方式为聚众合餐而食,食餐制为两餐制与三餐制并存,是宋辽金时期饮食的时代特色。随着金代社会的稳定以及民族融合的加深,在各阶层中出现了较多的开芳宴、散乐侍酒宴等,从而显示出金代宴饮的世俗化特点。金代饮食文化历经百年的多民族融合与沉淀,在中国古代饮食史发展中具有承上启下的重要地位,也无疑为元明统一政权的多民族饮食文化奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:The 10-13 century is a historical period of collision and fusion in ancient China. Diet, as the material basis of human existence and development, is one of the most basic forms of social life and deeply influenced by historical environment. The real woman rose in the northeast area of "White Mountain and Black Water". After the war, she gradually extended the territory of Jin Dynasty to the Qinling Mountains, the Huaihe River, and ruled the territory of the northern half of China after the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. As a result, dietary life in Jin Dynasty also absorbed the dietary customs of Liao and Northern Song dynasties. At the same time, Jin Dynasty and Liao, Song, Xixia, Mongolia and other regimes had fierce confrontation and frequent exchanges, which also had an important impact on the diet and life of Jin Dynasty. In short, from the overall point of view, the Jin Dynasty food life with the characteristics of multi-ethnic diet integration. Jin Dynasty is rich in diet and life. First of all, the diet is rich in variety. With the development of society and economy, Jin Dynasty gradually took the mute, porridge, pasta and pastry as the main food, meat and milk, vegetables, melon and fruit as non-staple food, water, wine, tea, milk, etc. Soup is the rich diet of drinks, and to the trend of agricultural products. Secondly, food processing and cooking further promote the richness of dietary life. As grain gradually became dominant in the diet, tools related to dietary processing, such as grinding, spinning, pestle and pestle, were popularized and improved, and cooking methods evolved from early extensive burnt, cooking, cooking or cooking to cereals. Steaming, boiling, frying, roasting and pickling make food more refined and exquisite. Finally, the Jin Dynasty diet customs continue to integrate and develop. On the basis of the traditional diet of the Nuzhen nationality, through the exchange of Nu Zhen, Qidan, Han, Bohai Sea, Xi and other ethnic groups, the daily meal system and seating order, the festival at the age of years, the life etiquette and other aspects of the catering customs of Liao and Song dynasties were integrated. Gradually, food entertainment, diet therapy, diet nutrition and other ideas have emerged, showing the Jin people have a further understanding of diet, and expand the diet culture. The eating utensils of Jin Dynasty are quite characteristic. The variety and texture of food utensils developed from the national communication and fusion, and promoted the changes of diet style in Jin Dynasty. In the early years, the main use of wooden dishes, bowls and other relatively simple eating utensils, with the further development of the ceramic industry in the Jin Dynasty, the emergence of bowls, pots, bottles and other ceramic food containers, cups, pots, pots and other ceramic drinking utensils. In the specific use process, gradually formed with the dagger, chopsticks, spoon, spoon and other eating tools with the use of food. From the social point of view, the Jin Dynasty dietary life, one, with a strong class differences. In Jin Dynasty, there were royal family, bureaucrats, rich people, common people and so on. The ruling class and rich people paid attention to enjoyment, entertainment and inferiority, while ordinary people often used wild herbs, bran rice to eat, and the difference of food stratum was obvious. In addition, the food utensils used by Jin people in family, banquets and religious beliefs also reflected the stratification difference of dietary life in Jin Dynasty. Second, the integration of various ethnic food culture is more obvious. The food style of Jin Dynasty is to gather the masses to eat, and the food system is the coexistence of two and three meals, which is the characteristic of the times of the Song, Liao and Jin dynasties. With the stability of the Jin Dynasty society and the deepening of the national integration, there appeared more Kaifang banquets and wine banquets in various strata, which showed the secular characteristics of the banquets in the Jin Dynasty. After a hundred years of multi-national integration and precipitation, the food culture of Jin Dynasty has played an important role in the development of the ancient Chinese diet history, and has undoubtedly laid the foundation for the multi-ethnic diet culture of the unified regime of Yuan and Ming dynasties.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TS971;K246.4
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本文编号：1913201