基于系统功能类型学的白语小句研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 12:51

  本文选题：白语 + 小句　； 参考：《西南大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：白语是中国西南地区少数民族白族的语言,属汉藏语系、彝缅语族,语支未定。白语呈现出复杂的语言形式,语序既有汉语的痕迹,也有彝缅语的特征;且其70%的词汇与中古汉语词汇疑似同源或者借用自汉语。近百年来,由于白语复杂的类型特征,其语支归属问题仍饱含争议;尽管已有研究从形态学、句法学等视角展开,但仍无定论。小句是系统功能类型学研究语言类型的重要切入单位。系统功能类型学基于系统功能语言学理论,采用系统功能语法框架描写自然语言。它以主位系统、情态系统和及物性系统为三个出发点,分析小句各系统为实现各种语法功能所选取的各种构型。因此,本研究拟通过此种方法对白语小句展开研究,以期丰富当代语言类型学的方法论。语言类型学探究语言的共性和差异性,依据形态学和语序问题等参项将语言分类。而系统功能类型学则从意义表达的三个平行视角入手,描写语言,对比语言,观察语言如何选择不同的成分来产生结构。系统功能语言学之集大成者韩礼德视语言为构建语境下的人类体验的工具,其语言观和系统功能类型学观将体现于我们对白语的语料分析之中。这种综合系统的视角关注语境下的话语的意义,分析语义发生的根源。系统功能类型学从三个视角入手分析语言,把语言看作一个多样化系统。因此,系统功能类型学丰富了当代语言类型学的研究方式。系统功能类型学的发展进入理论提炼和完善阶段。在系统功能语言学发展和成熟阶段,韩礼德曾经对汉语进行过描写,之后又对英语和一些亚洲语言进行了描写。Caffarel等人所编辑的《功能视角下的语言类型学》选编了8门语言的系统功能类型学分析,并且对系统功能类型学研究目标和方法做了初步概括和总结。截至2015年12月在上海所召开的国际功能类型学研讨会,学界已对近百种语言进行过功能类型学描写,因此类型学研究已经具备了规模可观的语种库。本研究主要基于对单一语言的小句功能语法分析,同时进行跨语言比较。具体而言,本研究从功能类型学视角下分析白语的元功能,目的有三:(1)为更好地解读白语的特征和元功能提供新视角;(2)以新视角对白语进行阐释;(3)为系统功能类型学的语种库增加一个新语种研究。本研究揭示了白语小句的与其他语言存在的共性以及它独有的特征。首先,通过分析白语小句的主位系统,发现人际主位居于环境附加语和主语之前。一个小句一旦有语篇主位,三类主位的配列关系一定是“人际主位+语篇主位+概念主位”。这一点与汉语、英语大同小异。白语小句的语篇主位由连接语充当,人际主位由称呼语、感叹词和评价附加语充当。正如汉语一样,白语的概念主位通常由主语、环境附加语、补语和谓化小句充当;祈使句和省略主语的直陈句中由谓词充当概念主位。简言之,语篇主位和人际主位是可选成分,但概念主位是强制性的,即使缺失也可依据上下文将其还原。此外,据我们分析的三类语篇的近一千句小句中,三种主位同现的几率较低。韩礼德曾指出有些语言多重主位较少,我们发现白语可归此类。白语小句中经常出现“主语缺位”的现象,而且是话语交际语境下的直陈句中常有主语省略,但并不影响话语意义的完整性。附加语是白语中表达情态的重要手段,白语小句的时态、意态和语气很大程度上依赖附加词来实现,不过也有例外。以否定为例,白语小句的否定表达形式与非洲、欧洲和亚洲语言相似,比如它们都使用双重否定表达否定。亦即,部分动词和副词通过曲折变化产生对应的否定动词和否定副词,从而否定整个小句。白语小句的否定表达通过词汇和语法变化得以实现。白语中的附加语不仅在语篇功能中发挥作用,在人际功能方面也举足轻重。附加语多出现在句末表达时态和级差以及小句的情态类型。少数情态附加语会出现在谓词周围,或前或后,用以表达时态或语态。它们一般发挥英语等语言中的“限定成分”的功能。此类附加词可对小句的语气类型、过程的时态以及极性进行标记。此外,主要动词邻近的附加语能够体现“体”和“语气”;在东南亚语言中此类附加语较为多见。白语的环境附加语优先,此原则展示了时间和空间是构建事物概念时白族人民首先考虑的要素。环境附加语和情态附加词共同作用,呈现白语过程的时态。白语小句的过程类型分布和构型选择展现其经验功能。白语的存在小句使用较多,表达静态动作。如一个小句含多个动词,其过程类型由主要动作决定,而且可以通过双层次分析法进一步分辨蕴含小句的过程类型。心理过程小句通常会有投射小句,言语过程通常有小句作为言语内容。存在小句一般由环境附加语开头,存在物通常出现在过程动词后面。物质小句的补语一般可以前置到主位,置于动作执行者和过程前面。谓化的小句单位一般后面有标记词no33或v??。白语小句常见连动结构,即几个过程由共同的主语发出,几个过程关系密不可分,这时其否定词通常出现在祈使句的第一个过程上或者直陈句的小句末尾。白语小句的人际功能还有其他表达方式,例如第二人称单数的代词有敬称和平称之分,小句结构的省略程度与社会距离相关等。其他特征包含参与者的位置、部分参与者省略和补语前置的问题。祈使句的补语通常前置于省略的主语之前,而且在直陈句中,主语也常常省略。本项研究证明,系统功能语法的描写模式适用于白语的分析,多数描写参项均可应用。白语小句与汉语、英语小句在功能上基本相似,但仍存在个别差异,比如对复合句,需用双层分析法,再如主位的选择项,白语中可实现主位的成分较多,且其环境成分、补语、过程或者谓项均可充当主位。从词汇语法的研究视角看,白语小句的语法是通过多种渠道得以实现的。本项研究表明,尽管白语被界定为孤立语,但白语中残留着古彝缅语的一些形态变化,比如部分动词和副词可通过形态变化产生其否定表达。白语中除了副词和形容词可表达说话人的态度外,名量词也具有此功能。本文共七章。第一章简要介绍研究背景,介绍白族、白语、研究目的、研究意义以及论文框架。第二章回顾了相关的白语研究成果,系统功能类型学对自然语言描写的现状。文献回顾中发现白语的研究大多数围绕系属归类问题而展开。第三章介绍了系统功能语言学和系统功能类型学的理论基础。正是通过系统功能类型学的理论框架我们才得以将诸多零散的、局部的语法现象系统化。第四、第五和第六章分析了白语小句的三个元功能。第四章从白语小句的语篇功能入手,分析主位系统。第五章对情态系统进行考察,分析白语的人际功能。第六章研究白语小句的经验功能,讨论过程类型及其所涉及的参与者以及其他构建经验过程所需的成分。第七章为全文总结,回顾了理论和语言描写分析之间的关系,概括了研究发现和对后续研究的启示及展望。本研究重点是对白语单门语言进行分析,但同时也对局部语法特征进行了跨语言比较,例如双重否定意味着否定。正是通过该比较研究,我们发现白语的三个方言区的共时语料中保留着不同阶段的语法进化痕迹。此外,我们还发现,白语现有语料来源多为中部和南部方言区,而北部方言区则较少。首先可能因为北部方言使用人口较少,另外也许因为北部方言区地处偏僻,没有本地人从事语言学研究,这将后续研究可以努力的方向。本研究拓展了语言类型学的研究视角,基于SFL及其理论分支SFT理论对作为孤立语的白语语言进行功能类型学描写,这不仅能充分验证该理论的普适性,而且也可以丰富和完善该理论,并能进一步对其提炼和建设。尽管SFT分析无法完全解答某单一语言的语支问题,但它足以为我们提供类型学视角参考,并使我们多维度观察该语言。对于白语语支具体归属问题,除了基于SFT的类型研究之外,还应结合语言进化、语言认知和历史语言学等学科的研究方法进行纵深探索,这可作为本研究的后续研究目标。
[Abstract]:White language is the language of the minority Bai nationality in the southwest of China, belonging to the Han and Tibetan Languages, Yi Burmese, and unsettled. The white language presents a complex language form, the word order not only has the trace of Chinese, but also the characteristics of the Yi Burmese, and the 70% of the words are similar to the middle ancient Chinese words or the people borrowed from Chinese. There are still controversies on the attribution of the type of language. Although the existing research has been carried out from the perspective of morphology and sentence law, it is still unsettled. The clause is an important cut in unit for the study of language types in systematic functional typology. The theme system, the modality system and the transitivity system are the three starting points to analyze the various configurations selected by each system to realize various grammatical functions. Therefore, this study intends to study the white clause by this method in order to enrich the methodology of contemporary language typology. The systematic functional typology starts with three parallel perspectives of meaning expression, describes language, contrasts language, and observe language how to choose different components to produce structure. Hallidy regards language as a tool for human experience in the context of construction. Its view of language and systematic functional typology will be embodied in the analysis of the language of white language. The perspective of this comprehensive system focuses on the meaning of the discourse in the context and analyzes the origin of the semantic occurrence. System functional typology analyses language from three perspectives and regards language as a diversified system. Therefore, systematic functional typology The development of systemic functional typology has entered the stage of theoretical refinement and perfection. In the development and maturity stage of systemic functional linguistics, Hallidy once described Chinese, and then English and some Asian languages were described in the "functional perspective" edited by.Caffarel et al. Typology selected the systematic functional typology of 8 languages and made a preliminary summary and summary of the research goals and methods of the systematic functional typology. As of December 2015, the international functional typology held in Shanghai, the academic circles have done the typology of nearly 100 languages, so the typology has already been studied. This study is based on a large scale language library. This study is mainly based on the functional grammatical analysis of a single language and a cross language comparison. The purpose of this study is to analyze the meta function of white language from the perspective of functional typology. The purpose of this study is three: (1) providing a new perspective for the better interpretation of the features and metafunctions of white language; (2) a new perspective on the white language. Language is explained; (3) a new language study is added to the language library of systematic functional typology. This study reveals the commonality and its unique features of the white clause and other languages. First, by analyzing the main position system of the white clause, it is found that the interpersonal theme is before the annulus and the subject. Once a clause has the language The relationship between the three types of theme is "interpersonal theme + text theme + conceptual theme". This is similar to Chinese, English is similar to English. The text theme of white clause is acted by the connection language, and the interpersonal theme is acted by address, exclamatory and evaluation adjunct. Adding, complements and predicate clauses act as the predicate in the imperative sentence and the omission subject. In short, the text theme and the interpersonal theme are optional, but the conceptual theme is mandatory, even if the absence can be restored according to the context. In addition, in the nearly one thousand sentences of the three types of discourse we analyze, three Hallidy once pointed out that there are few multiple principal positions in some languages. We have found that there are few multiple themes in some languages. We find that white language can be classified as such. The phenomenon of "absence of subject" often occurs in the white sentence, and is often omitted in the literal sentence in the context of discourse communication, but does not affect the integrity of the verbal meaning. The adjunct is expressed in white language. An important means of modality, the tense, meaning and mood of the white clause depend largely on the additional words, but there are exceptions. In the case of negation, the negative expressions of the white clause are similar to those of Africa, Europe and Asia, for example, they all use double negative forms to reach negation. The negative verb and the negative adverb are produced to negate the whole sentence. The negative expression of the white sentence is realized through the change of vocabulary and grammar. The adjunct in the white language not only plays a role in the function of the text, but also plays an important role in the interpersonal function. Type. Minority modal adjuncts appear around predicates, or before or after, to express tense or voice. They generally play the function of "finite elements" in English and other languages. Such additional words can mark the tone type of the clause, the tense of the process, and the polarity. In addition, the adjunct to the main verb can reflect the "body". "" and "tone"; in Southeast Asian languages, this kind of adjunct is more common. White language is a priority of environmental adjunct. This principle shows that time and space are the first considerations of the Bai people when constructing the concept of things. The environment adjunct and modal adjunct are used together to present the tense of the white language process. And the choice of configuration shows its experiential function. The existence of white words is more used to express the static action. For example, a clause contains many verbs, and the process type is determined by the main action, and the process types can be further resolved by the double analytic hierarchy process. The psychological process clause usually has a projective clause, and the speech process is usually There is a clause as the content of speech. The existence of a clause usually begins with an environmental adjunct, and an existence usually appears behind a process verb. The complement of a matter clause can normally be prepositioned to the main position, placed before the action executor and the process. The predicated clause is usually followed by a marker No33 or V?? a common structure in white clause. The process is inseparable from a common subject, and several process relations are inseparable. At this time, the negative words usually appear on the first process of the imperative sentence or the end of the sentence. The interpersonal function of the white clause and other expressions, such as the second person pronoun, are called the peace name, the ellipsis of the clause structure and the society. Other features include the position of the participants, the omission of some participants and the preposition of the complement. The complement of the imperative sentence is usually before the omission subject, and the subject is often omitted in the direct sentence. This study proves that the descriptive model of the systemic functional grammar is applicable to the analysis of white language, and most of the descriptive references are available The functions of the white clause and the Chinese, the English clause are basically similar, but there are still some differences. For example, a double analysis is necessary for a compound sentence, as in the choice of the theme. In white language, there are more components of the theme, and its environmental composition, complement, process or predicate can be used as the main position. From the perspective of vocabulary grammar, white The grammar of the sentence is realized through various channels. This study shows that although the white language is defined as an isolated language, there are some changes in the ancient Yi Burmese Language in white language, for example, some verbs and adverbs can produce their negative expressions through morphological changes. In white language, the speaker's attitude can be expressed in addition to adverbs and adjectives. The first chapter has seven chapters. The first chapter is a brief introduction to the research background, the white language, the white language, the research purpose, the significance and the framework of the thesis. The second chapter reviews the related research results of white language, the status of the systematic functional typology on the description of natural languages. The third chapter introduces the theoretical basis of systemic functional linguistics and systematic functional typology. It is through the theoretical framework of systematic functional typology that we have been able to systematize many scattered and local grammatical phenomena. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters analyze the three meta functions of the white clause. The fourth chapter is from the white language. The fifth chapter makes an analysis of the theme system. The fifth chapter examines the modality system and analyzes the interpersonal function of the white language. The sixth chapter studies the experiential function of the white phrase, discusses the type of the process, the participants involved and the other components needed to build the experience process. The seventh chapter summarizes the full text and reviews the theory and language drawing. The focus of this study is to analyze the single language of white language, but also to make a cross language comparison of the local grammatical features, for example, double negation means negation. It is through this comparative study that we find the total of three dialects in white language. In addition, we also found that the existing language sources in the white language are mostly in the middle and southern dialects, while the northern dialect is less. In the first place, the northern dialect may be less populated, and perhaps because the northern dialect is in remote areas, and no local people are engaged in linguistic research. This study expands the direction of the study of the language typology, and based on the SFL and its theoretical branch SFT theory to describe the functional typology of the white language as an isolated language, which can not only fully verify the universality of the theory, but also enrich and improve the theory, and can further refine and build it. Although SFT analysis does not fully answer the problem of a single language, it believes that we provide a typological perspective and make us multidimensional to observe the language. For the specific attribution of the white language, in addition to the type based study on the SFT, it should be combined with the research of language evolution, language cognition and historical linguistics. This method can be used as a follow-up research goal of this study.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：H252
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本文编号：1937291