族类离散：先秦人口支配体制变迁研究
发布时间：2018-12-12 14:15
【摘要】：人口支配体制是国家役使人口、征发赋役的主要手段。目前学界对先秦人口支配体制的研究,特别是对商周国家阶段的相关研究还相对薄弱。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用比较史学的研究方法,综合文献、出土文字、考古及民族学材料,对自商周至秦汉帝国的人口支配体制及其变迁进行了更加深入地研究。本文内容共分为五个部分。第一部分为绪论。主要阐述本文研究的缘起、学术史回顾、研究理论、方法及线索,并对本文所涉及的概念与研究对象加以说明。第二部分考察商周国家的人口支配体制。该章认为商周国家的人口支配体制是以"族共同体的支配"为内容的,并根据传世文献将这种支配体制称为仲山甫模式。仲山甫模式具有六大特征:集团性、间接性、具体性、伦理性、等级性、强制性。仲山甫模式的存在条件是商周时期的生产力水平、国家形式、结构及商品经济的发展程度。该章对学界流行的西周基层社会组织双轨说进行了辨析,认为西周基层社会不存在双轨制,西周基层邑落大体上仍是一邑一族或一邑数族的血缘组织与地缘组织共存的形态。西周后期邑落人群构成渐趋复杂,向地缘共同体的方向演变。第三部分考察仲山甫模式在西周后期、春秋时期的变动及春秋后期"邑共同体支配"体制——书社模式的生成。该章认为商周国家因素的不断强化日渐破坏仲山甫模式的血缘纽带基础,西周后期宣王料民是直接打破仲山甫模式的第一环。春秋时期族共同体的持续存在为仲山甫模式的延续提供了条件。春秋中期兴起的丘甲制是一种基于地缘单位征收军赋的新兴体制,而书社模式是这种新体制得以维持的基础。商周国家人口支配体制的集团性、间接性在春秋得到了延续,但具体性被打破,开始朝着普遍统一的赋役形式发展,伦理性被排挤,国家强制性在增强。第四部分考察战国、秦、汉的户支配体制。该章认为战国的大争之势,促使列国统治者采取了 "耕战"为目的的人口支配体制。农业技术发展促使个体家庭独立性增强,为国家的家族分异政策提供了可能。在打破族、邑共同体的基础上,将军事体制民事化,以户为单位,严格登记户口,实行什伍连坐,干涉农民生产、生活,保证兵源与物资供应,具有军事专制主义的特征。汉代继承秦制,开始向日常行政化的方向转型。户支配体制具有个体性、直接性、统一性、等级性、强制性等特征,血缘伦理性衰落。第五部分考察中国早期国家人口支配体制与雅典、罗马的异同。该章认为中国自商周至秦汉人口支配体制的演变反映了中国早期国家演进路径的特征。在从血缘组织向地缘组织转变,国家利用血缘纽带向排斥血缘纽带转变,这两点上与雅典、罗马早期国家的发展是相同的。
[Abstract]:The system of population domination is the main means of national servitude and taxation. The current academic research on the pre-Qin population control system, especially on the state stage of Shang and Zhou dynasties, is relatively weak. On the basis of previous studies, this paper makes a more in-depth study on the population domination system and its changes from Shang and Zhou dynasties to Qin and Han empires by using comparative historical research methods, synthesizing documents, unearthed texts, archaeological and ethnological materials. This paper is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction. This paper mainly describes the origin of this study, academic history review, research theory, methods and clues, and describes the concepts and research objects involved in this paper. The second part examines the system of population domination in Shang and Zhou dynasties. This chapter holds that the system of population domination in Shang and Zhou dynasties is based on the "domination of ethnic communities", and it is called Zhongshan Fu model according to the ancient literature. Zhongshan Fu model has six characteristics: group, indirect, concrete, ethical, hierarchical, mandatory. The existence condition of Zhongshan Fu model is the productivity level, state form, structure and the development degree of commodity economy in Shang and Zhou dynasties. This chapter distinguishes and analyzes the two-track theory of the basic social organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and holds that there is no two-track system in the grass-roots society of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and that the grass-roots community of the Western Zhou Dynasty is still, on the whole, the form of the coexistence of the consanguinity organization and the geographical organization of one or more ethnic groups. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the population composition of Yiluo gradually became complex and evolved to the direction of geographical community. The third part examines the changes of Zhongshan Fu model in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period, and the formation of the "City Community domination" system in the late Spring and Autumn period. The chapter holds that the strengthening of the national factors of Shang and Zhou dynasties gradually destroys the blood bond foundation of Zhongshan Fu model, and the first link of breaking Zhongshan Fu model directly is Xuanwang and Shimin in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The continued existence of the ethnic community during the Spring and Autumn period provided the condition for the continuation of Zhongshan Fu model. The Qiujia system, which rose in the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, is a new system of levying troops on the basis of geographical units, and the model of the Book Society is the basis for the maintenance of the new system. The collectivity of the national population domination system of Shang and Zhou dynasties was continued indirectly in the Spring and Autumn period, but the concreteness was broken, and began to develop towards the universal and unified form of taxation, the ethics was excluded, and the national compulsion was strengthened. The fourth part examines the household domination system in warring States, Qin and Han dynasties. This chapter argues that the warring States' great struggle prompted the rulers of the countries to adopt the population domination system for the purpose of "ploughing and fighting". The development of agricultural technology promotes the independence of individual family and provides the possibility for the family differentiation policy. On the basis of breaking down the clan and community, the military system is civil, taking the household as the unit, strictly registering the household registration, practicing the Shivulian seat, interfering with the peasants' production and life, and ensuring the supply of soldiers and supplies, which has the characteristics of military autocracy. The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and began to transform to the direction of daily administration. Household domination system has the characteristics of individuality, directness, unity, rank and compulsion, and the decline of consanguinity ethics. The fifth part examines the similarities and differences between China's early national population domination system and Athens and Rome. This chapter argues that the evolution of China's population domination system from Shang and Zhou dynasties to Qin and Han dynasties reflects the characteristics of China's early national evolution path. In the transition from consanguinity to geographical organization and from the use of blood ties to the rejection of blood ties, these two are the same as the development of Athens and early Roman countries.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K22
，
本文编号：2374724
[Abstract]:The system of population domination is the main means of national servitude and taxation. The current academic research on the pre-Qin population control system, especially on the state stage of Shang and Zhou dynasties, is relatively weak. On the basis of previous studies, this paper makes a more in-depth study on the population domination system and its changes from Shang and Zhou dynasties to Qin and Han empires by using comparative historical research methods, synthesizing documents, unearthed texts, archaeological and ethnological materials. This paper is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction. This paper mainly describes the origin of this study, academic history review, research theory, methods and clues, and describes the concepts and research objects involved in this paper. The second part examines the system of population domination in Shang and Zhou dynasties. This chapter holds that the system of population domination in Shang and Zhou dynasties is based on the "domination of ethnic communities", and it is called Zhongshan Fu model according to the ancient literature. Zhongshan Fu model has six characteristics: group, indirect, concrete, ethical, hierarchical, mandatory. The existence condition of Zhongshan Fu model is the productivity level, state form, structure and the development degree of commodity economy in Shang and Zhou dynasties. This chapter distinguishes and analyzes the two-track theory of the basic social organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and holds that there is no two-track system in the grass-roots society of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and that the grass-roots community of the Western Zhou Dynasty is still, on the whole, the form of the coexistence of the consanguinity organization and the geographical organization of one or more ethnic groups. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the population composition of Yiluo gradually became complex and evolved to the direction of geographical community. The third part examines the changes of Zhongshan Fu model in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period, and the formation of the "City Community domination" system in the late Spring and Autumn period. The chapter holds that the strengthening of the national factors of Shang and Zhou dynasties gradually destroys the blood bond foundation of Zhongshan Fu model, and the first link of breaking Zhongshan Fu model directly is Xuanwang and Shimin in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The continued existence of the ethnic community during the Spring and Autumn period provided the condition for the continuation of Zhongshan Fu model. The Qiujia system, which rose in the middle of the Spring and Autumn period, is a new system of levying troops on the basis of geographical units, and the model of the Book Society is the basis for the maintenance of the new system. The collectivity of the national population domination system of Shang and Zhou dynasties was continued indirectly in the Spring and Autumn period, but the concreteness was broken, and began to develop towards the universal and unified form of taxation, the ethics was excluded, and the national compulsion was strengthened. The fourth part examines the household domination system in warring States, Qin and Han dynasties. This chapter argues that the warring States' great struggle prompted the rulers of the countries to adopt the population domination system for the purpose of "ploughing and fighting". The development of agricultural technology promotes the independence of individual family and provides the possibility for the family differentiation policy. On the basis of breaking down the clan and community, the military system is civil, taking the household as the unit, strictly registering the household registration, practicing the Shivulian seat, interfering with the peasants' production and life, and ensuring the supply of soldiers and supplies, which has the characteristics of military autocracy. The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and began to transform to the direction of daily administration. Household domination system has the characteristics of individuality, directness, unity, rank and compulsion, and the decline of consanguinity ethics. The fifth part examines the similarities and differences between China's early national population domination system and Athens and Rome. This chapter argues that the evolution of China's population domination system from Shang and Zhou dynasties to Qin and Han dynasties reflects the characteristics of China's early national evolution path. In the transition from consanguinity to geographical organization and from the use of blood ties to the rejection of blood ties, these two are the same as the development of Athens and early Roman countries.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K22
，
本文编号：2374724
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shoufeilunwen/rwkxbs/2374724.html
