当代中国公民道德共识及其建构研究

发布时间：2018-06-14 18:29

本文选题：当代中国 + 公民道德共识　；参考：《西南财经大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：随着人类社会的发展,具有“同质性”、“未分化性”的传统社会结构日渐消解,“异质性”、“分化性”成为了现代社会结构的基本特质。传统社会的道德一致性也日渐为多元道德价值所取代,社会的道德统一性面临前所未有的“合法性危机”,道德共识问题也随之产生。道德的多元合理性对于人性释放、个性发展以及平等自由等观念的滋长无疑有着一定的积极意义,但多元合理性也容易导致人的“原子化”样态,容易引发社会冲突。于是,对于多元社会中“我们应该如何生活在一起”的“现代性”反思,便成为了学界长期以来始终关注的热点问题。就中国社会而言,伴随着社会的多元化转型,社会经济、政治、文化等基本结构也在发生着重要变化,利益多元化等诸种因素所导致的道德的“现代性”问题——道德价值观多元化,已是不争的客观现实。如何建构公民道德共识以实现社会的真正和谐已然成为了当代中国社会的重大理论和现实课题。本论文正是立足于当代中国道德多元化的现实,力求对当代中国公民道德共识及其建构问题展开较为深入的研究。关于道德共识问题的研究,可以从两种维度展开：一是如何达成“道德共识”的维度。这一维度的研究主要是立足于社会政治公共生活,探究道德主体间如何通过民主商谈、讨论、争辩等程序就某种具体公共问题达成共享性一致意见；二是立足于中国国情,从国家意识形态的角度探讨公民道德共识建构问题,亦即从公民道德建设的维度展开研究。本文的写作是基于第二个维度,之所以如此,一是因为基于第一个维度的研究从学科而言是属于政治哲学的论域,其理论支撑主要是罗尔斯的“重叠共识”和哈贝马斯的“商谈共识”,这与本文基于历史唯物主义的基本理论立场相去较远；二是因为自改革开放以来,从“两个文明”思想的提出至今,在公民道德建设层面所采取一系列重大举措“实际上都是形成最大限度的道德共识和普遍伦理精神的努力”。因此,从公民道德建设的视阈探讨公民道德共识及其建构问题与本文基于唯物史观的理论立场更加契合。本论文认为,道德共识实质上是一个动态发展的过程。在多元化社会语境下,“共识”作为社会一般意义上的一致性认识,应该是在合理正视和尊重道德价值多元前提下的关于道德的一种基准性认识,抑或构建和谐社会不可或缺的“底线共识”,而不宜“人为拔高”,否则有可能导致道德共识的乌托邦。当然,社会主义形态下的道德共识应该有着某种价值指引,这是道德进步的重要内驱力,也是更高层次“道德共识”得以形成的价值保证。具体到当代中国而言,公民道德共识的维度应该着眼于“底线共识”层面,这是一种似乎无奈但却更加理性、务实的判断和选择。围绕着以上基本观点,本论文的写作主要呈现为以下基本思路和逻辑结构：一、当代中国公民道德共识问题产生原因的分析。这一部分的内容立足于唯物史观的基本立场即社会经济结构对社会意识的“最终决定性”,首先从社会生产力及由其决定的社会经济结构的历史变迁中对中国社会多元化转型时期的道德共识问题进行考察,当然,仅仅从经济的视阈考察是不全面的,容易陷入机械经济决定论的泥潭。而事实上,社会的政治、文化等结构同样对道德共识问题的产生有着重要影响。另外,道德亦有着其自身的发展逻辑。因此,在本部分内容中,笔者从社会经济、政治、文化等论域较为详细地考察了传统社会、计划经济时代的道德共识何以形成、何以持续,而现代性转型过程中,道德共识又为何成为“问题”。接下来,文中从一般和具体的双重维度探讨了道德共识在现代社会以及当代中国为何必要,就具体维度而言,研究主要围绕着道德共识与以人为本、社会认同、市场良序、文化软实力等方面的关系而展开。二、当代中国公民道德共识的具体维度考察。道德共识作为国内外学界持续关注的问题,就其涵义有着种种不同的观点,但大多学者认为“现代性”决定了当代社会的道德共识不宜过于“理想化”,而应将其定位于“底线”层面,本文亦采学界的普遍看法,将当代中国公民道德共识厘定为关于基本道德价值的共识,当然在这种基本共识中,也有着更具突出地位的核心共识,即公民层面社会主义核心价值观。出于论述逻辑周严的考虑,在这部分内容中,笔者还对于道德共识是否可能这一问题进行了论证。三、公民道德共识的价值指引。本文认为,当代中国公民道德共识不仅应该有其具体维度,而且还应有着确定的价值指引,否则,道德的进步就会缺乏导向,社会主义意识形态的优越性也难以彰显。文中明确提出,社会主义集体主义是当代中国公民道德共识的价值指引,并从集体主义涵义阐释、计划经济时代集体主义之“服从式”与“神圣化”反思、集体主义在中国的现代性意蕴,以及其作为公民道德共识的合理性等四个方面较为全面地进行了论证。笔者认为,倡扬社会主义集体主义与如何处理好现代社会道德价值层面“多”与“一”的关系并不矛盾,而且其对于多元和谐具有极其重要的现实意义。四、公民道德共识建构的理论取向。坚持唯物史观道德维度的根本指导,是本文立论的基本立场,因此,充分发掘唯物史观在公民道德共识建构层面的重要思想也成为了这一部分写作的重心。文中从经典作家关于道德共识的基本思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系中的道德共识意蕴两个层面揭示了唯物史观对于公民道德共识建构的意旨。具体而言,经典作家的相关思想主要体现为社会实践思想、利益诉求思想以及伦理关怀思想。而中国特色社会主义理论体系中的邓小平伦理思想、“三个代表”重要思想的伦理关切和科学发展观的相关思想对于公民道德共识建构同样有着积极的价值。另外,西方相关理论对于道德共识建构也在一定意义上有着积极的启示,本文重点阐论了“社群主义”理论、“商谈共识”理论、“社会表征”理论,并揭示了其在道德共识层面的运用价值。五、公民道德共识建构的基本逻辑。这一部分旨在为当代中国公民道德共识建构从宏观上提供一种解决方案,也是全文的落脚点。这部分的写作主要围绕公民品格教育、和谐共同体、社会心理三个维度作具体展开,其中,公民品格教育层面主要涉及美国新品格教育及其借鉴以及传统德性伦理对于当代中国公民品格教育的启示等；和谐社会共同体层面,主要论及利益整合、交往实践、制度伦理等对于道德共识建构的特殊价值；社会心理层面,主要从社会表征理论的启示维度阐述道德共识建构的舆论引导问题。就本论文的创新之处而言,其主要体现在以下方面：(1)系统梳理了当代中国公民道德共识产生的脉络。虽然学者普遍将现代社会道德共识问题的产生归因于社会结构的变迁,但皆是从道德哲学的维度作一般意义上的考察,还未曾有对中国社会结构变迁与道德共识问题产生的详细阐论,笔者在坚持唯物史观基本立场的基础上对此作了尽可能详尽的分析。(2)明确了当代中国公民道德共识的具体维度和价值指引。出于国情、民情、世情、德情等多重因素的考虑,笔者将当代中国公民道德共识廓定为“底线”性的基本认识,并强调了其中的核心共识,并明确将集体主义确定为价值指引,这在目前学界的论述中还未曾出现。(3)重点从公民品格教育、和谐共同体、社会心理等维度对公民道德共识建构的基本逻辑作出考察。以往对于公民道德建设的研究主要是从教育维度展开,虽有一些关于社会、国家保障层面的考察,但大都泛泛而论,远不够深入、系统,尤其缺乏社会心理学维度的审视。本文不拘囿于既有研究成果的论述定式,从伦理共同体和社会心理的视角出发力求对于当代中国公民道德共识问题的解决提供一种更具实效性的方案。
[Abstract]:With the development of human society, the traditional social structure of "homogeneity" and "undifferentiated" is gradually disappearing. "Heterogeneity" and "differentiation" have become the basic characteristics of modern social structure. The moral consistency of the traditional society is also increasingly replaced by multiple moral values, and the unity of the society faces unprecedented "harmony". The moral consensus problem is also caused by the legal crisis. The pluralistic rationality of morality has certain positive significance to the development of the concept of human nature release, personality development and equality and freedom, but the pluralistic rationality can also easily lead to the "atomization" of human beings and easily lead to social conflicts. Therefore, "we are" in a pluralistic society. The "Modernity" Reflection on how to live together has become a hot issue in the academic world for a long time. As far as Chinese society is concerned, with the diversified transformation of society, the basic structure of social economy, politics, culture, and so on, the moral "modern" caused by various factors such as profit diversification and so on. The diversity of moral values has been an objective reality. How to construct the consensus of the citizen to realize the real harmony of the society has become a major theoretical and realistic topic in the contemporary Chinese society. The problem of its construction is studied in depth.
The research on moral consensus can be carried out from two dimensions: one is how to reach the dimension of "moral consensus". The study of this dimension is mainly based on social and political public life, and explores how to achieve shared consensus among moral subjects through democratic discussion, discussion, debate and so on. Two, based on the national conditions of China, discusses the construction of common moral consensus from the perspective of national ideology, that is, from the dimension of civic morality construction. The writing of this article is based on second dimensions. The reason is that the first dimension of the study is a domain of political philosophy from the subject and its theory. The support is mainly Rawls's "overlapping consensus" and Habermas's "negotiation consensus", which is far from the basic theoretical standpoint based on historical materialism. Two is because since the reform and opening up, from the idea of "two civilizations", a series of important measures have been taken at the level of civic morality construction. It is the effort to form the maximum moral consensus and the universal ethical spirit. Therefore, it is more consistent with the theoretical standpoint that this article is based on historical materialism from the perspective of civic moral construction.
In this paper, the moral consensus is essentially a process of dynamic development. In a diversified social context, "consensus", as a consensus in the general sense of society, should be a basic understanding of morality on the premise of reasonable correction and respect for moral values, or an indispensable "bottom" for building a harmonious society. "Line consensus" is not suitable for "artificial extraction", otherwise it may lead to a utopian moral consensus. Of course, the moral consensus in the socialist form should have some value guidance. This is an important driving force for moral progress and a guarantee of the value of the higher level "moral consensus". The dimension of German consensus should focus on the bottom line consensus, which is a seemingly helpless but more rational and pragmatic judgment and choice.
Based on the above basic viewpoints, the writing of this thesis is mainly presented as follows:
First, the analysis of the reasons for the moral consensus of contemporary Chinese citizens. This part is based on the basic standpoint of historical materialism, that is, the "final determination" of social and economic structure to social consciousness, first of all, from the social productive forces and the historical changes of social and economic structure determined by it, the period of the transformation of Chinese society in the period of multiple transformation. The question of moral consensus is examined, of course, it is not comprehensive only from the perspective of the economic threshold, and it is easy to fall into the mire of mechanical economic determinism. In fact, the political and cultural structure of the society also has an important influence on the emergence of moral consensus. In addition, morality has its own development logic. Therefore, in this part of the content of this part, In the context of the socioeconomic, political and cultural domains, the author examines the traditional society in more detail, why the moral consensus in the planned economy era is formed, how to continue, and why the moral consensus becomes a "problem" in the process of transformation of modernity. Then, the article discusses the moral consensus in the modern society from the general and concrete dual dimensions. As well as the necessity of contemporary China, in terms of the specific dimensions, the research mainly revolves around the relationship between moral consensus and people-oriented, social identity, market preface and cultural soft power.
Two, the concrete dimension of the moral consensus of contemporary Chinese citizens. As a continuing concern at home and abroad, moral consensus has various views on its meaning, but most scholars believe that "Modernity" determines that the moral consensus of contemporary society should not be too "idealized", but it should be located on the "bottom line" level. The common view of the academic community is also adopted to define the consensus of contemporary Chinese civic morality as a consensus on basic moral values. Of course, in this basic consensus, there is also a more prominent core consensus, namely, the socialist core values of the citizen level. In this part, the author also has the moral value of the moral values of the citizen level. In this part, the author also has the morality of morality. Whether the consensus is possible has been demonstrated.
Three, the value guidance of the common moral consensus of the citizen. This article holds that the moral consensus of contemporary Chinese citizens should not only have its specific dimensions, but also should have certain value guidance. Otherwise, the progress of morality will be lack of guidance and the superiority of socialist ideology is difficult to show. It is clearly put forward that socialist collectivism is the present age. The value guidance of Chinese citizens' moral consensus is explained from the meaning of collectivism, the reflection of "obedience" and "sanctification" of collectivism in the era of planned economy, the modern connotation of collectivism in China, and the reasonableness of the consensus of citizen morality in four aspects. The socialistic collectivism is not contradictory to how to deal with the relationship between "more" and "one" in the moral values of modern society, and it is of great significance to multiple harmony.
Four, the theoretical orientation of the construction of civic moral consensus. It is the basic position of this article to adhere to the basic guidance of the moral dimension of historical materialism. Therefore, the important thought of fully exploring the materialist conception of historical materialism has also become the focus of this part of the writing. Two levels of moral consensus in the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics reveal the meaning of historical materialism for the construction of common moral consensus. In particular, the related ideas of the classical writers are mainly embodied in social practice, interest demands and ethical care. The ethical concerns of Xiaoping, the ethical concerns of the important thought of "Three Represents" and the related ideas of Scientific Outlook on Development also have positive values for the construction of common moral consensus. In addition, Western related theories have positive implications for the construction of moral consensus. This article focuses on the theory of "Communitarianism", "quotient". Consensus theory, social representation theory, and its application value in moral consensus are revealed.
Five, the basic logic of the construction of civic moral consensus. This part is aimed at providing a solution to the consensus construction of contemporary Chinese citizens' moral consensus, and it is also the end of the full text. This part of the writing focuses on the three dimensions of civic character education, harmonious community and social psychology, among which, the level of civic character education. It mainly involves the American new character education and its reference as well as the Enlightenment of the traditional moral ethics to the contemporary Chinese citizen's character education, and so on. The community level of the harmonious society mainly deals with the special value of the construction of moral consensus, such as the integration of interests, the practice of communication, the ethics of the system and so on; and the social psychological level, mainly from the Enlightenment of the social representation theory. Dimension expounds the issue of consensus guidance in the construction of moral consensus.
As far as the innovation of this paper is concerned, it is mainly embodied in the following aspects: (1) systematically combing the context of contemporary Chinese citizen moral consensus. Although scholars generally attribute the emergence of the problem of modern social moral consensus to the change of social structure, all of them have been examined in general meaning from the dimension of moral philosophy and have not yet been correct. On the basis of the basic standpoint of the historical materialism, the author makes an exhaustive analysis on the basis of the basic standpoint of the historical materialism. (2) the specific dimensions and value guidelines of the moral consensus of the contemporary Chinese citizens are clarified. The author will take the consideration of the multiple factors, such as the national conditions, the civil situation, the world situation, and the morality, and so on. The basic understanding of the moral consensus of the generation of Chinese citizens is defined as the basic understanding of the "bottom line", and emphasizes the core consensus among them, and clearly defines collectivism as a value guide, which has not yet appeared in the present academic discussion. (3) the emphasis is on the basic construction of civic moral consensus from the dimensions of civic character education, harmonious community and social psychology. The previous research on the construction of civic morality is mainly from the dimension of education. Although there are some studies on the social and national security level, most of them are generally discussed, far from deep, system, and especially the lack of social psychology. From the perspective of body and social psychology, we strive to provide a more effective solution to the problem of contemporary Chinese citizens' moral consensus.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D648

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