明代前期私刻研究
发布时间：2019-04-23 09:18
【摘要】：明代版刻数目大、散布广、门类全,且阶段、系统分明,装帧、印刷精良,常常为后人所称颂。明代前期(洪武—成化)的版刻在卷帙浩繁的明一代刻书中占据了十分重要的地位,其刻书活动为明中、后期刻书奠定了坚实的基础。但明代前期私刻,相比中后期而言,数量少之又少,却堪称精品。明代前期刻书背景。政治方面,朱元璋利用政治权威干预百姓生活,实行严酷专制的政治统治;思想方面,统治者大力倡导程朱理学,并把它奉为法定的正统思想;刻书政策方面,统治者一方面鼓励出版,下令免缴书籍税以解放刻书事业的生产力,另一方面,对刻书内容严加监管,与其思想统治相配合,又制约了刻书业的多元化发展;文坛风气方面,雍容粉饰的台阁体盛行,很多文人歌功颂德、粉饰太平,倾慕文以载道的宋人文风,尤其对欧阳修、苏轼、曾巩、高启钟爱有加,台阁体文人的创作取向,也直接刺激着刻书主持人的刊印选题方向,进而对刻书活动产生较大的影响。明代前期私刻概述。私刻又称家刻,即为私家刻书,家刻是中国古代三大刻印系统(官刻、坊刻、家刻)之一。通过对《全明分省分县刻书考》《明别集版本志》《江苏刻书》《福建刻书》以及相关出版志等梳理筛选,共得到明代前期390种私刻本,私刻主337家。通过对私刻主身份和地域考查可知:私刻主持人考中进士、举人后为官者居多,他们知识渊博,且具有一定的经济基础,除此之外,学者、道士、刻字工人、刻书艺人、商人、隐士刻书等也有;明代前期私刻机构地域分布特点为:南方居多且中心明确,明显体现出持续发展与刻书政策对刻书业的影响。明代前期私刻的内容。根据私刻主持人的刻书选择,统计出明代前期刻书以私刻主持人自撰自编书籍以及亲族乡贤书籍居多,由于受政治、经济、刻书政策以及文风的影响,儒者文集与宋元明文集刊印数量亦可观,而词曲小说和丛书则少得可怜。除此之外,关系人们生老病死的医学书籍也成为明代前期私刻的热点。明代前期私刻的版式多继承元代刻书遗风,并多与此期官刻、坊刻的特点相一致,字体以赵体字为主,版心宽大,多黑口,除此之外,明代前期私刻的版式设计也有自己十分明显的特征:一是行款不统一,大字本、小字本皆有,且小字本多于大字本;二是有牌记者很少,三百九十余种书籍仅有十种使用牌记,而且牌记内容非常简洁,私刻主的广告意识不强,这些均充分体现了私刻不以盈利为目的的特征。明代前期私刻的意义。明代前期私刻弥补了官刻、坊刻的不足,对保存家族乡邦文化以及形成良好的家风族风起到很大作用,同时,私刻主持人的敬业精神、志在传播文化的理想为当今出版人提供了极好的精神食粮。
[Abstract]:Ming Dynasty engraving large number, wide spread, all categories, and stage, system clear, binding, well-printed, often praised by posterity. The engraving of the early Ming Dynasty (Hongwu-Chenghua) occupied a very important position in the voluminous Ming Dynasty engraving, which laid a solid foundation for the inscription in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. But the early Ming Dynasty private engraving, compared with the middle and late, the number is very small, but can be called fine. The background of engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. On the political side, Zhu Yuanzhang used political authority to interfere with people's life and carry out harsh autocratic political rule, and on the ideological side, the rulers vigorously advocated the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and regarded it as legal orthodoxy. In the policy of engraving books, on the one hand, the ruler encourages publishing, orders the exemption of tax on books in order to liberate the productive forces of the cause of engraving, on the other hand, strictly supervises the contents of engraving, cooperates with his ideological rule, and restricts the diversified development of the engraving industry. In the literary world, the elegant and whitewashed Taiwan cabinet is popular, and many literati sing songs and praise, whitewash the peace, and admire the literary style of the Song Dynasty, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi and Zhong Jia, and the creative orientation of the Taiwanese literati, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi Zhong Jia, and the Taiwanese literati. It also directly stimulates the subject selection direction of the engraving host, and then has a great influence on the engraving activity. An overview of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. Private engraving also known as home engraving, that is, private engraving, home engraving is one of the three ancient Chinese engraving system (official engraving, anecdotal engraving, home engraving). A total of 390 kinds of private engraving books in the early Ming Dynasty were obtained by sorting out and selecting Fujian engraving Books and the related published records through the textual study of Quanming Province and county engraving books, the Jiangsu inscription Collection Edition, and the related publication records, etc., and 337 private engraving books were obtained in the early Ming Dynasty. Through the examination of the principal identity and region of the private engraving, it can be seen that the private engraving host, after the examination, is the majority of the officers, they are knowledgeable, and have a certain economic base. In addition, scholars, Taoists, lettering workers, engraving artists, businessmen, and so on, have a great deal of knowledge and knowledge, and they have a certain economic base. Hermit engraving, etc.; The characteristics of the regional distribution of the private engraving institutions in the early Ming Dynasty are as follows: the south is mostly and the center is clear, which clearly reflects the influence of the sustained development and the engraving policy on the engraving industry. The content of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the choice of the private engraving host, it is found that in the early Ming Dynasty, the private engraving host wrote the self-compiled books and the books of the kindred people, mostly because of the influence of politics, economy, engraving policy and style of writing. Confucian works and Song, Yuan and Ming collections were also published in considerable quantities, while ci-qu novels and series of books were meagre. In addition, medical books related to people's life, old age, illness and death have also become a hot spot of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. The type of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty inherited more of the style of Yuan Dynasty engraving, and was consistent with the characteristics of this period of official engraving and anecdotal engraving. The fonts were mainly Zhao body characters, the heart of the print was broad, and there were many black mouths, in addition to this period of official engraving. The layout design of the private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty also has its own obvious characteristics: first, the lines are not uniform, large-character books, small-character books have, and small-character books are more than large-character books; Second, there are very few licensed journalists, more than 390 kinds of books have only 10 kinds of cards, and the contents of card notes are very concise, the advertising consciousness of private engravers is not strong, these fully reflect the characteristics of private engraving not to profit for the purpose of the characteristics. The significance of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, private engraving made up for the shortage of official engraving and anecdotal engraving, which played a great role in preserving the culture of family and country and forming a good style of family style. At the same time, private engraving the professional spirit of the host. The ideal of spreading culture provides an excellent spiritual food for today's publishers.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G256
[Abstract]:Ming Dynasty engraving large number, wide spread, all categories, and stage, system clear, binding, well-printed, often praised by posterity. The engraving of the early Ming Dynasty (Hongwu-Chenghua) occupied a very important position in the voluminous Ming Dynasty engraving, which laid a solid foundation for the inscription in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. But the early Ming Dynasty private engraving, compared with the middle and late, the number is very small, but can be called fine. The background of engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. On the political side, Zhu Yuanzhang used political authority to interfere with people's life and carry out harsh autocratic political rule, and on the ideological side, the rulers vigorously advocated the Neo-Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu, and regarded it as legal orthodoxy. In the policy of engraving books, on the one hand, the ruler encourages publishing, orders the exemption of tax on books in order to liberate the productive forces of the cause of engraving, on the other hand, strictly supervises the contents of engraving, cooperates with his ideological rule, and restricts the diversified development of the engraving industry. In the literary world, the elegant and whitewashed Taiwan cabinet is popular, and many literati sing songs and praise, whitewash the peace, and admire the literary style of the Song Dynasty, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi and Zhong Jia, and the creative orientation of the Taiwanese literati, especially for Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Zeng Gong, Gao Qi Zhong Jia, and the Taiwanese literati. It also directly stimulates the subject selection direction of the engraving host, and then has a great influence on the engraving activity. An overview of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. Private engraving also known as home engraving, that is, private engraving, home engraving is one of the three ancient Chinese engraving system (official engraving, anecdotal engraving, home engraving). A total of 390 kinds of private engraving books in the early Ming Dynasty were obtained by sorting out and selecting Fujian engraving Books and the related published records through the textual study of Quanming Province and county engraving books, the Jiangsu inscription Collection Edition, and the related publication records, etc., and 337 private engraving books were obtained in the early Ming Dynasty. Through the examination of the principal identity and region of the private engraving, it can be seen that the private engraving host, after the examination, is the majority of the officers, they are knowledgeable, and have a certain economic base. In addition, scholars, Taoists, lettering workers, engraving artists, businessmen, and so on, have a great deal of knowledge and knowledge, and they have a certain economic base. Hermit engraving, etc.; The characteristics of the regional distribution of the private engraving institutions in the early Ming Dynasty are as follows: the south is mostly and the center is clear, which clearly reflects the influence of the sustained development and the engraving policy on the engraving industry. The content of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the choice of the private engraving host, it is found that in the early Ming Dynasty, the private engraving host wrote the self-compiled books and the books of the kindred people, mostly because of the influence of politics, economy, engraving policy and style of writing. Confucian works and Song, Yuan and Ming collections were also published in considerable quantities, while ci-qu novels and series of books were meagre. In addition, medical books related to people's life, old age, illness and death have also become a hot spot of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. The type of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty inherited more of the style of Yuan Dynasty engraving, and was consistent with the characteristics of this period of official engraving and anecdotal engraving. The fonts were mainly Zhao body characters, the heart of the print was broad, and there were many black mouths, in addition to this period of official engraving. The layout design of the private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty also has its own obvious characteristics: first, the lines are not uniform, large-character books, small-character books have, and small-character books are more than large-character books; Second, there are very few licensed journalists, more than 390 kinds of books have only 10 kinds of cards, and the contents of card notes are very concise, the advertising consciousness of private engravers is not strong, these fully reflect the characteristics of private engraving not to profit for the purpose of the characteristics. The significance of private engraving in the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, private engraving made up for the shortage of official engraving and anecdotal engraving, which played a great role in preserving the culture of family and country and forming a good style of family style. At the same time, private engraving the professional spirit of the host. The ideal of spreading culture provides an excellent spiritual food for today's publishers.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G256
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