劳动力市场池是中国城市聚集的原因吗？

发布时间：2018-06-08 15:20

本文选题：城市集聚 + 劳动力市场池　；参考：《云南大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：城市化是当前世界经济增长的驱动之一,城市聚集又是城市化的一个主要现象,城市聚集是城市人口以及产业群的聚集。近年来,城市聚集因素研究俨然成为城市经济学和区域经济学的重要课题,并且伴随着空间统计和空间计量学等研究工具的兴起,城市聚集因素也从资源禀赋、地理优势的理论研究发展到以人为中心的人力资本、思想传递的实证研究。城市聚集经济的来源中最为人们所熟知的是由马歇尔(1920年)提出的：劳动力市场分享、投入共享、知识溢出。此外,还有自然优势、城市需求、消费机会和寻租等也对聚集经济有所贡献。纵观我国内外学者对于城市聚集因素的研究,大多集中于马歇尔三因素中的投入分享和知识溢出,这不能全面反映我国城市聚集的真正含义和效应。因此,文章旨在以聚集经济理论为基础,中国数据作为经验支撑,并结合了数理建模和计量经济学分析手段来研究中国劳动力市场池对于城市聚集的影响。本文首先利用我国地级市数据描述了我国城市发展的历程,通过基尼系数以及赫芬达尔指数来分析城市的聚集程度。接着介绍了关于劳动力市场池与城市聚集的基本模型,运用中国2003～2011年间284个地级市数据进行相应的实证分析。文章控制住影响城市聚集的其他因素,从劳动力市场共享和匹配两个方面分析了劳动力市场池对于城市聚集的作用机制。其中我们选择了284个地级市从业人员数以及工业企业数量来度量劳动力共享,城市劳动力共享使得工人有更多的工作机会,企业有更多的雇佣选择。我们选择了工业企业雇佣规模以及平均劳动生产率来度量劳动力匹配。在稠密劳动力市场,企业更容易调整自身的雇佣规模坏的匹配,高质量的匹配往往提高了平均劳动生产率。分析结果表明,本地劳动力市场池通过分享对城市聚集的确有促进作用,但劳动力市场池中的从业人员数对城市聚集的作用远大于企业数量的作用。城市聚集过程中充裕的劳动力资源是分享机制中的重要作用因素,而企业中的岗位资源分享作用相对要弱的多。分东中西部地区来看,变量估计结果表明东部地区的城市聚集远高于中、西部地区。然从城市规模来看,城市越大,劳动力市场分享带来的效应会随着城市的增大而减小。劳动力市场池通过匹配对城市聚集也的确有促进作用,但平均劳动生产率对城市聚集的作用远大于工人与企业比率指标即企业雇佣规模指标的作用,企业的雇佣规模的匹配作用相对要弱的多。匹配机制下,分东中西地区来看,估计结果和分享机制一致,从城市规模来看,城市越大,劳动力市场匹配带来的效应会随着城市的增大而增加。实证分析的结果支持劳动力市场池是城市聚集的重要因素。
[Abstract]:Urbanization is one of the driving forces of current world economic growth, and urban agglomeration is also a major phenomenon of urbanization. Urban agglomeration is the aggregation of urban population and industrial clusters. In recent years, the study of urban agglomeration factors has become an important subject in urban economics and regional economics, and with the rise of spatial statistics and spatial metrology, urban agglomeration factors have also developed from the natural endowment of resources. The theory of geographical advantage has developed into the empirical study of human capital and thought transmission. The most familiar source of urban agglomeration economy was proposed by Marshall (1920): Labor market sharing, input sharing, knowledge spillover. In addition, there are natural advantages, urban demand, consumption opportunities and rent-seeking also contribute to the agglomeration economy. Most of the researches on urban agglomeration factors at home and abroad focus on the input sharing and knowledge spillover in Marshall's three factors, which can not reflect the real meaning and effect of urban agglomeration in China. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to base on the theory of agglomeration economy, and to use Chinese data as the empirical support. Combined with mathematical modeling and econometrics analysis, this paper studies the impact of labor market pool on urban agglomeration in China. Firstly, the paper describes the course of urban development in China by using prefecture-level city data. The Gini coefficient and the Huffendal index are used to analyze the degree of urban agglomeration. Then it introduces the basic model of labor market pool and urban agglomeration, and makes a corresponding empirical analysis using 284 prefecture-level cities data from 2003 to 2011 in China. In this paper, we control other factors that affect urban agglomeration, and analyze the mechanism of labor market pool on urban agglomeration from two aspects of labor market sharing and matching. Among them, we chose 284 prefecture-level employees and the number of industrial enterprises to measure labor sharing, urban labor sharing makes workers have more job opportunities, enterprises have more employment options. We choose the scale of employment and the average labor productivity of industrial enterprises to measure the matching of labor force. In a dense labour market, firms are more likely to adjust their employment size to bad matches, which often increase average labor productivity. Local labor market pool does promote urban agglomeration through sharing, but the number of employees in labor market pool has much more effect on urban agglomeration than the number of enterprises. In the process of urban agglomeration, abundant labor resource is an important factor in the sharing mechanism, while the role of job resource sharing in enterprises is much weaker. From the point of view of the central and western regions, the variable estimation results show that the urban concentration in the eastern region is much higher than that in the central and western regions. However, the larger the city is, the smaller the effect of labor market sharing will be. The labor market pool does promote urban agglomeration through matching, but the average labor productivity has much more effect on urban aggregation than the ratio of workers to enterprises, that is, the employment scale of enterprises. The matching function of the employment scale of the enterprise is much weaker. According to the matching mechanism, the estimation result is consistent with the sharing mechanism. The larger the city is, the more the effect of labor market matching will increase with the increase of city size. The results of empirical analysis support that labor market pool is an important factor of urban agglomeration.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F249.2

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