巴西大豆生产特点分析及对中国的启示——基于对巴西农场主问卷调查数据

发布时间：2019-01-21 14:56

【摘要】：文章通过对巴西农场主进行问卷调查,研究巴西大豆生产者的生产行为和特点。研究结果显示:巴西农场耕地面积大,平均经营规模12 191hm2,租地面积有限;大豆和玉米是农场主要农作物,大豆种植效益比玉米每公顷高约965元(按笔者2016年6~8月问卷时,1雷亚尔约合2.0449元人民币换算),农场主平均年纯收入约2 500万元;大豆生产成本中化肥、土地和农药成本较高,大豆每公顷年平均生产总成本为5 178元;农场年平均生产资金投入约4 556万元,但由于投入较高,56%的生产资金来源于自有资金,其次为银行贷款,占比28.6%;巴西农产品虽然销售渠道多样,但是85%的农场主选择自己市场销售,并且巴西仓储能力严重不足,这成为其农业生产受市场波动影响最大的原因;56%的农民表示愿意与中国企业直接合作,因此,中国企业进入巴西市场时应建设自己的仓储设施,以便深度参与巴西大豆产业链,掌握大豆资源;此外,中国土地流转自有资金不足、银行贷款困难,所以农户的规模化土地经营应适度。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the production behavior and characteristics of Brazilian soybean producers were investigated by means of a questionnaire survey on Brazilian farmers. The results show that the farmland area of Brazilian farm is large, the average management scale is 12191hm2, and the land rental area is limited; Soybean and corn are the main crops on the farm, the benefit of soybean planting is about 965 yuan per hectare higher than that of corn (converted from June to August in 2016, 1 real is about 2.0449 yuan), the average annual net income of farmers is about 25 million yuan; The cost of chemical fertilizer, land and pesticide is higher in the cost of soybean production. The average annual total cost of soybean production is 5,178 yuan per hectare. The average annual production investment of the farm is about 45.56 million yuan, but because of the higher investment, 56% of the production funds come from their own funds, followed by bank loans, accounting for 28.667%; Although the marketing channels of Brazilian agricultural products are diverse, 85% of farmers choose their own market to sell, and Brazil has a serious lack of storage capacity, which is the biggest reason for their agricultural production affected by market fluctuations; 56% of the farmers are willing to cooperate directly with Chinese enterprises. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should build their own storage facilities when entering the Brazilian market in order to take a deep part in the Brazilian soybean industry chain and grasp the soybean resources. In addition, the land circulation in China is short of its own funds and the bank loan is difficult, so the scale land management of farmers should be moderate.
【作者单位】：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;中国科学院大学;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金重点项目“中国水土资源利用与粮食生产的平衡关系定量分析与数字模拟”(41430861) 中国工程院咨询研究项目“农业资源环境若干重大战略问题研究”(2016-ZD-001)
【分类号】：F313.7

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