房地产开发中资金漏损风险的成因与防范研究+PPT
摘 要
房地产是我国重要的支柱产业,在国民经济中具有基础性和先导性的地位和作用。目前,国内房地产企业资金来源渠道较为单一,将近50%的资金来源于银行贷款。房地产的高额利润使得房地产开发企业更为关心能否筹集所需要的资金,而很少结合项目开发各阶段的特点,有针对性的优化筹资结构和科学使用资金。当前,资金运行及管理成为房地产企业关注的热点问题,如何进行资金运行和风险管理成为房地产理论和实践中的重要课题。本文以理论分析为基础,以R房地产项目为例,研究了房地产开发中各阶段资金运行机制,发现了存在资金漏损的环节,分析了资金漏损的原因并提出了相应的防范措施,从而为房地产企业有效管理资金,,防范财务风险,提高资金使用效益提供决策建议。
全文共有六个部分:一是总论,提出研究背景,综述国内外文献,提出研究思路和主要方法;二是理论上分析房地产开发过程中资金运行机制,对房地产开发、资本与资金以及各阶段运行特点进行理论分析;三是分析R房地产项目开发过程中的资金运行状况与效果。其中,对项目开发过程中各阶段资金预算情况进行分析,并对项目开发中资金使用情况作了追踪。同时,对于整个项目的资金投用效果作了全面评价;四是分析R房地产项目的资金漏损情况,重点分析资金漏损的原因和带来的风险;五是分析房地产项目开发中的资金漏损防范对策;六是研究结论与展望。
论文研究表明:房地产开发主要分为前期策划、建设施工、验收交付三个主要阶段,而资金漏损主要出现在前期策划和建设施工两个阶段,而验收交付阶段的资金相对充足。资金漏损风险主要包括项目终止风险、施工延迟风险、资金链全面断裂风险、运作成本升高风险、项目质量下降风险、会计虚假记录风险、社会不稳定风险等。这些风险产生的主要原因有:预算方式不合理、项目管理不科学、资金筹措难度较大、成本控制不严、会计制度不健全等。对此,本文提出了防范房地产项目开发中资金漏损风险的对策建议,包括:建立完善的科学的项目预算管理体系,强化房地产项目重点环节的资金控制,拓宽房地产项目的筹资融资渠道,注重企业的成本控制,特别是采取有效的纳税筹划方式,有效防范房地产开发风险,并建立完善的会计和审计制度。
论文的新意在于结合R项目的运作实际情况,分析了项目各环节的资金漏损情况。同时,对于项目资金漏损的原因做了分析,有些深层次的原因具有一定的原创性。此外,在房地产开发项目资金漏损对策分析方面,也提出了一些创新性的观点。
关键词:房地产企业;项目开发;资金漏损;风险防控
ABSTRACT
Real estate is an important pillar industry in China which has the basic and leading position and function in the national economy. At present, the source and channel of fund is single in domestic real estate enterprise, and nearly 50% of fund is from the bank loans. The high profits of the real estate makes real estate developers are more concerned about whether to raise the required funds, but not to optimize the financing structure and to use the funds scientifically with comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of each stage in development process. The operation and management of funds become the hot issues of real estate enterprises, and also, the fund running and risk management becomes an important issue in the theory and practice of real estate. Based on the theory analysis and the case of R real estate project, this paper studies the fund running mechanism in each stage of development process and discovers the existence of fund leakage, analyzes the reasons and puts forward some corresponding preventive measures, so as to provide the suggestions on decision making for real estate enterprises to manage funds effectively, prevent the financial risk and improve the fund running efficiency.
This paper is divided into six parts: Chapter one is the introduction which puts forward the research background and the domestic and international literature review, and proposes the research ideas and methods. Chapter two theoretically analyzes the fund operation mechanism in the process of real estate development, including the real estate development, the capital and funds, and the operation characteristics of each stage. Chapter three analyzes the funds operating status and effect of the R real estate project development process. This part studies the fund budget of each stage, investigates the use of funds in the project development, and comprehensively evaluates the implementation of the project funds. Chapter four analyzes the fund leakage in the R real estate project development project, and focuses on the analysis of the causes and risks. Chapter five is the countermeasures to avoid the fund leakage in the development of real estate projects. The last chapter is the research conclusion and the prospect.
Research shows that the real estate development is mainly divided into the prophase planning stage, the construction stage and the late acceptance stage, and the fund leakage mainly comes in the pre planning and construction stages; and to the late acceptance stage, the corresponding funds are more adequate. The fund leakage risks mainly includes the project termination risk, the construction delays risk, the capital chain comprehensive fracture risk, the increased the cost of operation risk, the project quality decreased risk, the accounting record false risk and the social risk of instability and others. The main reasons of above risks are that the budget way is unreasonable, the project management is unscientific, the financing is difficulty, the cost control is lax and the accounting system is not perfect, etc. This paper proposes some countermeasures and suggestions to prevent the fund leakage risks in the real estate project development, including that to establish the scientific and perfect project budget management system, to strengthen the fund control of the key segments of the real estate project, to broaden the real estate financing channels, to pay attention to control the cost of enterprise, in particular, to take effective tax planning methods in order to effectively prevent the risk of real estate development and establish a perfect system of accounting and auditing.
The innovation of this paper is that combined with the actual situation of R project operation, it analyzes the fund leakage status of each stage in project and the related reasons, and some of which is original. In addition, it also puts forward some innovative ideas in the countermeasure analysis of the fund leakage in the real estate development project.
Key words: Real Estate Enterprise; Project Development; Fund Leakage; Risk Prevention
目 录
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT III
1 总 论 1
1.1 研究背景与问题提出 1
1.1.1 研究背景 1
1.1.2 研究问题和价值 2
1.2 国内外研究综述 2
1.2.1 国外研究现状 2
1.2.2 国内研究现状 4
1.3 研究思路与目标 5
1.3.1 研究思路 5
1.3.2 研究目标 6
1.4 研究内容与方法 6
1.4.1 研究内容 6
1.4.2 研究方法 7
2 房地产开发过程中资金运行过程及机理分析 8
2.1 相关概念界定 8
2.1.1 房地产开发 8
2.1.2 资本与资金 8
2.2 房地产开发中资金运行的阶段及特点 9
2.2.1 前期阶段 9
2.2.2 建设阶段 11
2.2.3 竣工验收和销售阶段 11
2.3房地产开发中资金运行的总过程 12
2.4 房地产开发中资金运行效率的内涵及考核指标 14
2.4.1 房地产开发中资金运行效率的内涵 14
2.4.2 房地产开发中资金运行效率考核指标 15
2.5 房地产开发中资金漏损机理分析 16
2.5.1 资金漏损的内涵 16
2.5.2 在房地产开发中资金漏损可能存在的运行阶段 17
3 X公司R房地产项目开发的资金运行状况与效果分析 18
3.1 X公司R项目有关情况分析 18
3.1.1 X公司简介 18
3.1.2 R房地产项目概况 19
3.2 X公司R房地产项目开发过程的资金预算分析 21
3.2.1 项目前期阶段的资金预算分析 21
3.2.2 项目建设阶段的资金预算分析 22
3.2.3 项目验收阶段的资金预算分析 22
3.3 X公司R房地产项目开发过程中资金的实际运行分析 23
3.3.1 项目前期阶段的资金使用情况 23
3.3.2 项目建设阶段的资金使用情况 24
3.3.3 项目验收阶段的资金使用情况 25
3.4 X公司R房地产项目开发资金预算执行效果评价 25
4 X公司R房地产项目开发资金漏损环节与风险分析 28
4.1 X公司R房地产项目开发的资金漏损状况及成因分析 28
4.1.1 X公司R房地产项目开发的资金漏损状况 28
4.1.2 X公司R房地产项目开发的资金漏损成因分析 29
4.2 X公司R房地产项目开发资金漏损导致的风险 30
4.2.1项目终止风险 31
4.2.2项目施工延迟风险 31
4.2.3资金链断裂风险 31
4.2.4运作成本升高风险 31
4.2.5项目质量下降风险 32
4.2.6会计虚假记录风险 32
4.2.7社会不稳定风险 32
4.3 X公司R房地产项目开发资金漏损风险成因分析 32
4.3.1 风险管理不系统 33
4.3.2 风险管理措施不健全 33
4.3.3 风险管理保障不完善 34
5 X公司房地产项目开发中资金漏损风险防范对策建议 36
5.1 以完善的预算管理体系防范资金漏损风险 36
5.1.1 分解细化预算项目 36
5.1.2 设定预算控制标准 36
5.1.3 实行动态预算调整 36
5.2 以关注项目重点环节防范资金漏损风险 37
5.3 以拓宽筹资融资渠道防范资金漏损风险 37
5.3.1 房地产项目的主要融资模式 37
5.3.2 积极开拓房地产项目融资渠道 39
5.4 以严格纳税筹划防范资金漏损风险 40
5.4.1房地产项目营业税的纳税筹划措施 40
5.4.2 房地产企业增值税的纳税筹划措施 41
5.4.3 房地产企业所得税的纳税筹划措施 43
5.4.4 房地产企业其他税种纳税筹划措施 45
5.5 以有力的控制措施防范资金漏损风险 46
5.6 以完善的会计审计制度防范资金漏损风险 48
5.6.1 建立完善的会计制度体系 48
5.6.2 建立完善的审计制度体系 49
6 研究结论与展望 49
6.1 研究结论 49
6.2 研究展望 50
参考文献 51
致 谢 55
1 总 论
1.1.1 研究背景
房地产是我国的重要支柱产业,在国民经济中具有基础性和先导性的地位和作用。随着经济快速增长,国内房地产行业得到了迅猛发展,房地产投资额由2003年的1.12万亿元增长到2014年的9.5万亿元。2014年,国内商品房销售面积达到12.1亿平方米,销售额突破7.63万亿元。伴随着房地产行业的发展,国内房地产市场也出现了非常多的问题。房地产企业为了抢夺市场,疯狂拿地,仓促开发,资金占用严重,部分企业甚至出现资金链紧张的情况。绿地集团采用高负债的发展模式在全国快速扩张,近年来不断购买土地,高峰时期土地投资达到300多亿元,资产负债率达到100%以上,面临超过200亿元的短期债务压力,而持有的现金根本不能偿还债务,不得不通过出售项目回笼资金偿还债务,以避免破产。国家宏观调控使得房地产市场行情出现了一定程度的回落,进一步减缓了房地产销售资金回笼,房地产开发资金受到严重影响,部分企业资金紧张,面临资不抵债,甚至出现破产的状况。房地产作为资金密集型行业,造成房地产企业资金紧张的主要原因有房地产企业资金管理不当,没有考虑未来资金供给和需求情况;短期债务较多,到期还本压力大;项目开发周期长,资金回笼速度慢,特别是在市场不景气的时期。在这种背景下,加强房地产企业资金管理和风险防控就显得尤为重要。
目前,国内房地产企业的资金来源渠道比较单一,将近50%的资金来源于银行贷款,房地产的高额利润使得房地产开发企业更为关心能否筹集所需要的资金,而很少结合项目开发各阶段的特点优化筹资结构以及科学使用资金。资金运行及管理成为房地产企业关注的热点问题,如何合理运用资金和风险管理已经是房地产理论和实践中的重要课题。拥有充足的资金是资本密集型行业—房地产项目顺利开发的重要保障条件,在竞争激烈的房地产市场,房地产企业越来越关注如何提高资金运行管理水平,以期资金良性循环,确保项目开发顺利进行,并化解财务等风险。本文以理论分析为基础,结合作者所从事的R项目为案例,研究房地产开发中各阶段资金运行机制,发现其存在的资金漏损,并分析资金漏损的原因以及提出相应的防范措施,从而为房地产企业有效管理资金,防范财务等风险提供建议。
6.2 研究展望
本文的研究仍存在不足之处,主要是笔者基础理论掌握不够深入,对于资金漏损的相关理论分析不够透彻。同时,R项目运作过程中,出现的漏损项并不多,且漏损的形式比较单一,这不利于得出更加详实的结论。同时,在资金漏损过程中,更多地分析了资金“漏”的问题,而忽略了“损”的问题分析,主要是R项目的特点决定了很少存在资金损失的问题。下一步,将继续关注国内外关于房地产项目资金漏损的有关理论研究动态,并结合实践进行认真思考研究。同时,高度关注X公司的房地产项目,特别是研究其各个环节的资金漏损控制情况,并结合理论研究,提出新的问题和解决对策与建议,为房地产企业长期健康可持续发展,提供理论借鉴和参考。
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