基于推拉模型的中国留学生旅游动机研究——以英国为例

基于推拉模型的中国留学生旅游动机研究——以英国为例
A study on tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in the United Kingdom - based on push-pull model

本研究旨在以推拉式模型为基础，研究中国学生在英国学习的旅游动机。到2015年底，在英国学习的中国学生有150000人。中国学生有着强大的消费能力，对英国文化、社会和商品有着很高的兴趣和热情。因此，研究和了解中国学生的旅游动机，，在英国将有助于相关的当地旅游企业和组织在英国开展有针对性的营销活动，并提供服务，以及帮助相关组织更好地帮助中国学生适应他们的学习和生活在英国。在这项研究中，将基于推拉式模型，通过定量与定性相结合的研究方法，以更好地了解中国学生的旅游动机，以及为什么他们有这样的动机，以及如何激励中国学生的旅游动机。本研究将采用问卷调查和半结构化面试的方法进行数据收集，所采用的数据分析方法包括t检验、方差分析和层次分析法等。这项研究预计将耗资90天，可能会遇到的伦理问题，在研究过程中，将处理通过使用适当的措施。

Acknowledgements 致谢
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, XX for her instructive advice and useful suggestions for my proposal. I am deeply grateful of what her did in the completion of this thesis. 
I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in XX college for their direct and indirect help to me. 
Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft. 
I should finally like to express my gratitude to the website: sciencedirect. Most of literatures referred for completion of my proposal are from this database, thanking these experts and authors for giving me valuable references for completing this proposal. 

Abstract 摘要
This study aims to be based on push-pull model to study the tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in the United Kingdom. By the end of 2015, there were 150,000 Chinese students who studied in the UK. Chinese students have strong spending power, a high interest and enthusiasm for UK's culture, society and commodity. Thus, to study and understand tourism motivation of Chinese students in the UK will help relevant local tourism enterprises and organizations in the UK to carry out targeted marketing activities and provide services as well as help relevant organizations to better help Chinese students to adapt to their studying and living in the UK. In this study, it will be based on the push-pull model, through combining quantitative with qualitative research methods to better understand what tourism motivations that Chinese students have and why they have such motivations, as well as how to motivate Chinese students’ tourism motivation. The study will use questionnaire and semi-structured interview in data collection, the data analysis methods used include T test, variance analysis and analytic hierarchy process and so on. The study is expected to cost a total of 90 days, ethical issues which might be encountered in the course of the study will be dealt with by using appropriate measures.

Keywords: tourism motivation; Chinese students; the United Kingdom; push-pull model

1.0 Introduction 简介
1.1 Background 
UK is one of the world's economic power, it is also the birthplace of modern tourism, UK's unique natural, cultural and historical resources make it have unique conditions for tourism development (China Daily, 2009). Today, UK is one of the world's major tourist areas and inbound tourism destinations. For many years, revenue of British tourism is second only to revenue of its chemical and financial industries. There are more than 200,000 tourism enterprises in the UK, the tourism output value was 21 billion pounds in 2015. However, in recent years, affected by the global economic crisis, the British tourism industry has also subjected to some negative impact, the growth rate of the tourist arrivals and tourism revenue slows down, for current British tourism industry, the search for new economic growth point is its urgent need (Department for Culture, Media & Sport and Helen Grant, 2014). UK has a high level of education, UK is one of the best destination countries that international students choose to study in, currently, there are more than 400,000 international students in UK, of which more than 150,000 are Chinese students, these students not only study but also consume and travel in UK (Higher education statistics agency, 2015). For the tourism industry, the tourism market towards college students is worthy of attention. Thrane (2016) notes that young tourists generally have a long travel period, a high degree of environmental consciousness and the courage to explore, considering from the per capita consumption, they bring very impressive economic benefits. Therefore, for British tourism industry, the emphasis on the development of tourism business aiming at Chinese students in the UK is very valuable.

1.2 Rationale
Research on the tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in UK mainly has significance in the following two aspects. First, by the end of 2015, there were 150,000 Chinese students studying in colleges in UK (Higher education statistics agency, 2015), while Chinese college students have strong spending power, they have a high interest and enthusiasm for UK's culture, society and even commodity (Hutchinson and Quintas, 2015). Thus, study and understanding of the tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in colleges in UK will help to provide information for relevant bodies and organizations of the local tourism industry in UK to carry out targeted marketing campaigns. Second, because of their particularity in age, physical, psychological, living environment and other related aspects, college students are very different from other groups, which leads to the particularity of their tourism motivation. For Chinese students in UK, their tourism motivation may be more special and complex, period at college is an important period for students’ mental development, cultivating interest, formation of personality and development of their life goals (Thrane, 2016), to understand and study their travel motivation will help to understand the state of Chinese students’ studying life in the UK and the problems encountered during studying in UK to help relevant organizations to help Chinese students to adapt to studying and living in UK better.

2.0 Literature review 文献综述
2.1 Tourism motivation
2.1.1 Concept of tourism motivation
According to the principles of psychology, motivation comes from certain human needs, when people have a need, they will produce psychological stress and anxious emotional experience, which become an inherent driving force and result in motivation (Dann, 1977). Various human activities are caused by motivation and it governs human behavior. Tourism motivation is the internal driving force directly drives people to go out for tourism, driven by tourism motivation, people take action after determining travel target, then their travel needs are met, thus eliminating tension. Thus, in simple terms, tourism motivation refers to an internal driving force that triggers a person’s intention to travel and determines where to go. Dann (1977) finds that factors affecting tourism motivation include individual psychological and personal factors, as well as some external factors. If a person wants to travel, it must also has both subjective and objective conditions. Subjectively, he must have motivation to travel; objectively, he must have a certain ability to pay, leisure time and a good physical condition, etc. Study on consumers’ tourism motivation is the key for tourism enterprises to have a comprehensive understanding of consumers’ needs, carry out market segments, accurately introduce timely tourism projects meeting the needs of a target market to increase market share (Devesa, Laguna and Palacios, 2010).

2.1.2 Types of tourism motivation
First, cultural motivation, everyone has a curiosity, a strong thirst for knowledge, adventure and epistemic psychology. Cultural differences gave rise people’s motivation of contact with foreign culture, they want to learn about exotic mountains and rivers, customs, cultures and arts through traveling (Heo and Lee, 2016).
Second, health motivation, such tourists travel for rest, therapy, exercise, recreation. They usually have too much working stress, fast-paced life and a poor healthy condition. Through traveling in scenic forests, on beaches, it can adjust their bodies and minds, eliminate fatigue and restore health (Caber and Albayrak, 2016).
Third, shopping motivation, in recent years, as economy develops and people's living standards improve, there is more and more simple tourism for shopping. People living in small cities and around major cities often travel with their families or friends for shopping on weekends (Devesa, Laguna and Palacios, 2010).
Fourth, adventure motivation, many people are through tourism to get thrilling experience, bringing fun dull life (Naidoo, Ramseook-Munhurrun Seebaluck and Janvier, 2015).

Fifth, communication motivation, many tourists love to meet new friends through tourism. People can experience the happiness of making new people through traveling (Munar and Jacobsen, 2014).
Sixth, business motivation, there are some tourism activities carried out based on business motivations, including academic exchanges, official visits and a variety of business activities (Devesa, Laguna and Palacios, 2010).

2.2 Push-pull model
2.2.1 Concept of push-pull theory
Scholars have put forward several theories on tourism motivation, such as drive theory, arousal theory), inducement theory, expectancy value theory, attribution theory and achievement goal theory). Dann (1977) combines drive theory with expectancy value theory to propose push-pull theory model. In this model, the factors pushing refer to needs caused by internal imbalance or tension, which are internal factors affecting people’s going for tourism, the internal factors include escaping from everyday environment, carrying out social communication and so on. Pulling factors link to attributes and characteristics of a destination, there are factors affecting people to choose which particular destination, such as a unique natural landscape, historic monuments and so on. Pulling factors are extrinsic factors affecting travel motivation (Dann, 1977). At present, push-pull theory has been widely applied to the study on tourism motivation.

2.2.2 Connotation of push-pull model
2.2.2.1 Push factor
Considering a sense of security, some tourists may be worried about encountering accidents, natural disasters and their personal property are not protected, and therefore they do not want to travel. For example, the tsunami happened in Southeast Asia made many tourists refuse travelling in Southeast Asia. If it can dispel all concerns and make tourists have a sense of security, many people are still willing to travel (Naidoo, Ramseook-Munhurrun and Janvier, 2015).
In terms of personality factors, some people who are too introverted, timid, some people who pursue ease and comfort life or those who are too cautious and conservative are not easy to have the desire to travel. People who have cheerful personality, like new things prefer to traveling (Caber and Albayrak, 2016).
As far as physical factor is concerned, frail older people are often reluctant to travel, and young, healthy people are more prone to have travel motivation(Caber and Albayrak, 2016).

2.2.2.2 Pull factor
About time, tourists who have time at their disposal often have tourism motivation. For example, part of school staff and students can take advantage of annual winter vacation and summer vacation for tourism; some companies organize employees to travel on holidays. All these cases create time conditions for people to travel (Thrane, 2016).
Considering material condition, passengers have more money are more likely to have their travel motivation (Thrane, 2016).
Convenient transportation is an important condition for attracting tourists. Some countries and regions have built a large number of modern hotels for tourists, application of advanced computer technology makes traveling around the world, booking airline tickets, booking rooms convenient, so that tourists can travel more conveniently. As governments of many countries come to recognize the importance of development of tourism for economic development of a country, they formulate a variety of appropriate policies, such as providing entry visas for tourists, duty-free shopping and various convenience, which stimulates tourists’ motivation for traveling (Heo and Lee, 2016).
Unique cultural and natural landscape of a tourist destination is also one of the important factors to attract tourists to come for sightseeing (Thrane, 2016).

2.2.3 Empirical study of push-pull model
By using a 7-point Likert scale, Ryan and Glendon, 1998) made use of factor analysis, cluster analysis, variance test and T-test to investigate 1127 residents, and thus deduce 14 driving force affecting tourism motivation. Goossens (2000) proposed hedonic tourism motivation model. The left of this model are pushing factors, such as urging force and propensity to consume that promote tourists to travel; the right of the model are pulling factors, namely, the stimulation of a destination for tourists, such as advertising, services, market incentives and so on. Heung, Quhailin et a1. (2001) interviewed 406 Japanese tourists in Hong Kong and then summed up the push-pull factors affecting tourism motivation. Liu (2005) used factor analysis, from two different areas: push factor and pull factors to analyze the potential behavior characteristics of tourists traveling in ancient villages, he established "culture and knowledge", "pursuit of leisure," and "family love" and other five push factors, "cultural tourism resources" and "charming tourist image", these four pull factors. Bao (2009) analyzed elderly tourists and identified three push factors and four pull factors, of which "anxiety for knowledge and curiosity", "safety and health" were the most important push factor and pull factor.

2.3 Gap
Compared with researches on tourism motivation in the past, this study has innovation in the following two aspects. Firstly, there are many researches use push-pull model in the study on tourism motivation, but less research takes Chinese students abroad as research objects. Chinese students abroad are different largely from students abroad from other countries in consumption preferences, cultural background, hobbies and many other aspects, therefore Chinese students abroad are also likely to have special tourism motivation in traveling, this study will be able to be more realistic in understanding the tourism motivation of Chinese students abroad to make up for relevant research gaps. Secondly, past researches on the use of push-pull model on tourism motivation usually take a quantitative research approach, they are mainly through T-test, regression analysis, factor analysis and other quantitative data analysis methods to understand the push-pull factors affecting travel motivations of tourists. However, emergence of tourism motivation is a complex process, which involves tourists’ psychological, emotional, need and other factors, simply by virtue of quantitative research may not be able to understand the psychology of tourists, and therefore it can not have a more accurate understanding of how tourism motivation emerges and changes. In this study, it will make use of both quantitative and qualitative research approaches, through quantitative research to understand the performance and characteristics of tourism motivation of Chinese students in UK; by qualitative research as well as in the form of semi-structured interviews to collect and analyze information to understand the reasons and mechanism leading to emergence and change of Chinese students’ travel motivation. The author hopes that through this mixed research method to better understand the tourism motivation of Chinese students in UK and why there is such motivation and how to motivate their tourism motivation.

2.4 Research question
Based on understanding of the research background and the literature review, the author summarizes the research questions of this study as follows:
-What are tourism motivations of Chinese students studying in the UK?
-What is the unique of their tourism motivations?
-Why do they have such unique motivations?
-What problems do Chinese students meet in living and traveling in the UK?
-How do travel agencies and companies in the UK inspire their tourism motivation and meet their travel needs?

3.0 Methodology 方法论
3.1 Research aims 
This study is based on push-pull model to explore the tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in UK. Based on the above research aim, it develops the following research objectives:
Objective 1: from the perspective of push to explore what tourism motivation that Chinese students have in traveling in UK;
Objective 2: from the perspective of pull model to explore what tourism motivation that Chinese students have in traveling in UK;
Objective 3: to discuss what characteristics of tourism motivation that Chinese students have in traveling in UK;
Objective 4: to recommend on how to provide services and guidance for Chinese students’ traveling in UK. 

3.2 Epistemology and ontology
From the epistemological point of view, positivism and interpretivism are the most important two types (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). The basic principles that positivism respects are objectivity and universality of conclusions, emphasizing that knowledge must be established based on experienced facts of  observation and experiment, through a large number of observations, experiments and surveys towards research objects to reveal general conclusions, and it requires that such a conclusion having provability under the same conditions. Interpretivism advocates that cognition on the complex world is achieved through a study on experience and perspectives from people who live in this world, researchers should thoroughly understand the reality of life and go through scientific means and language to explain and rebuild these concepts and meaning. The research tools include interview, participant observation and so on (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007).
Positivism and interpretivism are generally considered as two kinds of incompatible epistemology, but Creswell (2003) points out that combining the two kinds of epistemology for sociological research is acceptable, and research strategy, research approach based on this combination helps to collect more comprehensive information which may be missed by using only one perspective. Therefore, the epistemology of this study will use combination of positivism and interpretivism to carry out study.
Methodology refers to what kind of ways and methods that people use in observing things and dealing with problems (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Objectivism and structuralism are two kinds of important methodology, generally speaking, world outlook influences and determines the type of methodology (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007).  For example, world outlook of positivism is generally corresponding with methodology of objectivism. World outlook of interpretivism is corresponding to methodology of structuralism.
Since this study will take a combination of positivism and interpretivism, it also takes methodology of combining objectivism with structuralism to determine research strategy and research approach.

3.3 Research approach
Quantitative research is a scientific research method and process which determines the quantitative of things, it expresses questions and phenomenon with quantity, and by quantitative analysis on a large number of data to get certain significance (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Qualitative research refers to the study towards a small group of carefully selected samples by researchers, by virtue of experience, logical thinking and qualitative analysis technology, researchers analyze and research the nature of research objects to provide useful insights into behavior and motivation of the objects’, and the impact they may bring (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Considering from research aim of this study, first of all, it first needs to determine the characteristics of tourism motivations of Chinese students, which needs to find out through quantitative research that which tourism motivation is the most popular, what kind of tourism motivation is recognized by Chinese students most, so as to sum up the characteristics of Chinese students’ tourism motivations. Second, this study needs to analyze why Chinese students have this or that tourism motivations, for different people, although their tourism motivations may be the same,   factors leading to their tourism motivations are different, which is not convenient to be analyzed by using quantitative research. Therefore, it requires researchers to be based on personal background and characteristics of research objects, through the use of the method of qualitative analysis to understand factors affecting a tourism motivation. All in all, in order to achieve the research objectives of this study, the combination of quantitative and qualitative research is more appropriate.

3.4 Research procedure
3.4.1 Data collection
Quantitative study in this study will make use of questionnaires to collect data and information. Reasons for the use of questionnaire in this study lie in that questionnaire is a structured investigation approach, expressions of the questions, orders of the questions, ways of answering the questions are standard, so no subjective bias of researchers will be brought to the investigation, while questionnaire is beneficial for researchers to collect large amounts of data in a relatively short period of time, and results collected through questionnaires facilitates data statistics (Creswell 2003). Disadvantage of suing questionnaires includes that, some studies need to understand respondents’ intention, motivation and thought process, and questions of questionnaire are often ineffective in obtaining these results, or to design questions to acquire answers of these kinds is more difficult. Questionnaires are usually completed by respondents, if they do not fill out the questionnaires based on what they really think about, which is likely to lead to unreliable investigation results.
Information of qualitative research of this study will be collected through semi-structured interview. Semi-structured interview is carried out base on a broad-brush interview outline. There are only rough basic requirements for questions that interviewees are required to answer. Interviewers can flexibly make necessary adjustments based on the actual situation of interview, and there is no specific requirements for orders of questions, ways of how interviewees answer the questions, ways of recording the interview process, time and place of carrying out interview, etc., interviewers can flexibly deal with according to the situation at the time. Semi-structured interview has the advantage of more flexibility in interview process, interviewers can have a comprehensive, in-depth understanding about what they aim to investigate, they can acquire rich social background information related to their research questions, as well as respondents’ psychology and thinking process in particular circumstances. The disadvantage is reflected in consuming of much time, generally small sample size and difficulties in quantifying the results of interviews.

3.4.2 Questionnaire
300 copies of questionnaires will be distributed, the objects will be Chinese students studying in the universities in the UK and they should have at least a time of experience of traveling in the UK. The questionnaire will be distributed primarily through two kinds of ways, one is distributed and collected through the network. The questionnaires will be posted on the questionnaire survey website: SurveyMonkey, while the author will publish information related to the questionnaire through the forums that Chinese students in UK often visit, the author’s Facebook, Twitter, Instangram, etc., to attract and encourage more Chinese students to go to fill out the questionnaire. The other is distributed and collected by a field way, the locations for distributing the questionnaires will be the University of Sheffield, University of Newcastle, University of Southampton, etc., in which there are the largest number of Chinese students. The author will go to the campus of the universities to invite Chinese students to fill out the questionnaires, all participants will be given a small gift which is worth of ￡ 2, all completed questionnaires will immediately recovered at the scene.
Content of the questionnaire is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the purpose, significance of the questionnaire, as well as how to fill in the questionnaire. It announces that the results of this survey will not divulge any personal information and the information will not be used for commercial purposes. The second part is designed to understand respondents’ views on their tourism motivation. The third part of the questionnaire investigates respondents' age, educational background, gender and other related personal information. The fourth part expresses gratitude to respondents involved in the survey. The specific content of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix 1. The answers to the questionnaire will be expressed by using Likert scale, 1-5 represents strongly disagree to strongly agree.

3.4.3 Semi-structured interview
In terms of the semi-structured interview, it will determine five interviewees, each interviewee will be from various universities in UK, with the respondents’ consent, the interview process will be recorded. The interview will be conducted via Skype software, interview of each time will last about 20 minutes. Before each interview, the author will briefly introduce the purpose, content of the interview, then, the author will begin and carry out the interview based on the interview outline. Finally, the author will ask whether respondents have some supplement information, and reaffirm whether the respondents will allow the author to use the results of the interviews, expressing gratitude to the respondents again. Semi-structured interview outline will include four questions, which aims to explore respondents' tourism motivations, as well as the psychological thinking process related to tourism motivations. Specific content of the interview outline is shown in Appendix 2.

3.4.4 Data analysis
Quantitative data analysis tool used in this study will be SPSS 20.0. The quantitative data analysis process is divided into three steps, starting with the reliability and validity analysis of the questionnaire. The author will use confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of the questionnaire, if kmo is more than 0.5, sig is less than 0.05, Bartlett test P <0.001, it shows the the construct validity of the questionnaire is qualified. The author will use α to analyze the reliability of the questionnaire, if α is more than 0.7, it indicates that the reliability of the questionnaire is satisfactory. Followed by the descriptive statistical analysis towards the data to understand the mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and based on respondents' scoring to evaluate the respondents’ tourism motivation, so as to learn what motivations are admitted by Chinese students, what motivations are not approved, the evaluation criteria is developed based on Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill’s (2007) research results. Finally, T test and variance analysis will be used to understand whether there is a significant statistical difference between various tourism motivations, which tourism motivation is the most important, and which is less important, which is the most unimportant, etc. 
Analysis of qualitative data in this study will be based on tourism motivation theory, empirical research results of push-pull model, and results of quantitative analysis of this study. The analysis method will be analytic hierarchy process (AHP), respondents’ tourism motivations, reasons leading to the tourism motivations, as well impact of different tourism motivations on respondents will be taken as three levels to analyze the semi-structured interview results.

3.5 Research ethics
Research results of this study will be used only for this study and will not be used for other commercial purposes. The author will have an emphasis on protection of the respondents’ individual privacy to avoid any leakage of personal information. In the process of data analysis in this study, the researcher will uphold an objective and neutral attitude, no individual or subjective view will be impose on respondents to avoid deviation of research results. The author will be personally involved in all data collection and analysis process, by repeatedly checking of the data entry, analysis, statistics process to ensure that results of this study can be accurate as much as possible.  
3.6 Research schedule
Schedule of this study is expected in the following table:
Number Task Time Days
1 Introduction 7.25-7.28 4
2 Literature review 7.29-8.12 15
3 Methodology 8.13-8.17 5
4 Questionnaire 8.18-9.1 15
5 Semi-structured interview 9.1-9.10 10
6 Data processing 9.11-9.15 5
7 Discussion 9.16-9.25 10
8 First submitting 9.26 1
9 Amending 9.27-10.6 10
10 Second submitting 10.7 1
11 Amending 10.8-10.17 10
12 Editing and binding 10.18-10.20 3
13 Final submitting 10.21 1
Total 90

4.0 Conclusion结论
By the end of 2015, there were 150,000 Chinese students studying in universities in the UK, while Chinese students have strong spending power, they have a high interest and enthusiasm towards the UK's culture, society and even commodity. Thus, studying and understanding tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in the UK will help relevant local tourism enterprises and organizations in the UK in carrying out targeted marketing activities and providing services as well as help relevant organizations to better help Chinese students to adapt to their studying and living in the UK. In this study, it is based on the push-pull model, through combining quantitative with qualitative research methods to better understand what tourism motivations that Chinese students have and why they have such motivations in traveling in the UK, as well as how to motivate Chinese students’ tourism motivation. The study will use questionnaire and semi-structured interview in data collection, the data analysis methods used include T test, variance analysis and analytic hierarchy process and so on. The study is expected to cost a total of 90 days, while the ethical issues which might be encountered in the course of the study will be handled by using appropriate measures.

References 参考文献
Bao, Y. F. (2009). Study on travel motivation of elderly in Hangzhou – based on "push-pull" theory. Tourism Tribune, 24(11), 47-51.
Caber, M. and Albayrak, T. (2016). Push or pull? Identifying rock climbing tourists' motivations. Tourism Management, 55(8), 74-84. 
Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: International Educational and Professional Publisher.
Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, (17),155-169.
Devesa, M., Laguna, M. and Palacios, A. (2010). The role of motivation in visitor satisfaction: Empirical evidence in rural tourism. Tourism Management, 31(4), 547-552. 
Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301-321.
Heo, C. Y. and Lee, S. (2016). Examination of student loyalty in tourism and hospitality programs: A comparison between the United States and Hong Kong. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 18(6), 69-80.
Liu, C. X. (2005).World Heritage Sites thrust –research on pull factors - taking Xidi and Hong villages  as an Example. Tourism Tribune, 20, 15-20.
Munar, A. M. and Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43(8), 46-54. 
Naidoo, P., Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, N.V. and Janvier, S. (2015). Investigating the motivation of baby boomers for adventure tourism. Procedia - social and behavioral sciences, 175(12), 244-251. 
Ryan, C. and Glendon, L. (1998). Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1),169-184.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2007. Research methods for business students (4th, ed.).Essex, Pearson Education Limited.
Thrane, C. (2016). Students' summer tourism: determinants of length of stay (LOS). Tourism Management, 54(6), 178-184.
Vincent, C., Heung, S., Hailin, Q. U. et al. (2001). The relationship between vacation factors and socio-dem ographic and travelling characteristics: the case of Japanese leisure travelers. Tourism Man agement, 22(3), 259-269.
China Daily. (2009).Tourism in the United Kingdom. 
Department for Culture, Media & Sport and Helen Grant. (2014). Record year for UK tourism industry as spend breaks ￡21 billion. 
Higher education statistics agency. (2015). International (non-UK) students in UK HE in 2014-15. 
 
Appendix 1 Questionnaire
Dear participant! 
We are implementing a study on tourism motivation of Chinese students studying in the United Kingdom. Therefore, we will greatly appreciate if you can finish the following questionnaire which may take you about 10 minutes.
Your participations subject to privacy policies and will be handled anonymously. We sincerely thank you for your collaboration!
Part I: In the following questions, five degrees are used to reflect your answers to each question, please tick the option that can reflect your true opinion most.
Push factors
Q1: You travel for acquiring knowledge and expanding horizons, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q2: You travel for contributing to learning, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q3: You travel for promoting feelings with your partner or friends, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q4: You travel for meeting new friends, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q5: You travel for experiencing different cultural customs, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q6: You travel for sightseeing, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q7: You travel for easing learning pressure, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q8: You travel for shopping, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 23 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q9: You travel for seeking excitement and adventure activities, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q10: You travel for killing time, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q11: You travel for following the trend, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q12: You travel for business needs, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Pull factors
Q1: You travel for unique cultural customs of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q2: You travel for beautiful natural scenery of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q3: You travel for the good image of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q4: You travel for high reputation of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q5: You travel for lower level of consumption of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q6: You travel for security of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q7: You travel for good accommodation and transport facilities of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q8: You travel for shopping convenience of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □
Q9: You travel for good entertainment facilities of a tourism destination, do you agree? Totally disagree--------Totally agree
1 2 3 4 5
□ □ □ □ □

Personal Information
1. Your age?
A. 18-24 □ B. 25-30  □
C. More than 31 □
2. Your gender?
A. Male       □ B. Female  □
3. Your education background?
A. Master's degree       □ B. Bachelor degree       □
C. Doctoral degree         □ D. Other academic qualifications  □
4. Your major?
A. Finance      □ B. Economics     □
C. Management    □ D. HRM    □
E. Mathematics    □ F. History   □
G. Tourism       □ H. Trade    □
I. Accounting     □ J. Other major  □
5. Your costs on traveling?
A. Less than 500 pounds  □ B. 500-1000 pounds          □
C. 1000-2000 pounds      □ D. More than 2000 pounds     □

Thank you for your cooperation!