全球化和商务男性

在当代社会性别研究中，普遍认为，男性气概的主要形式与社会权力的主要形式相关联。在当代资本主义的讨论，它被认为是最强大的机构，除非主要国家，是跨国企业在全球市场的经营。这些突出的事实很少被放在一起。以前的论文（Connell 1998）认为他们应该和全球企业经济可能是一个新的霸权的男性气质模式的设置，特别是在全球流动的管理人员发现。这一模式提出了跨国经营的男性气概。我们现在重新考虑作者的注意：我们感谢我们的回答者，他们的时间和他们的勇气，在讨论困难问题的磁带上。作者感谢罗克雷奇默，一个特殊的面试。

In contemporary gender studies, it is widely acknowledged that dominant forms of masculinity are associated with major forms of social power. In discussions of contemporary capitalism, it is widely acknowledged that the most powerful institutions, excepting only major states, are transnational corporations operating in global markets. These two conspicuous facts have rarely been put together. A previous paper (Connell 1998) argued that they should be and that the global corporate economy might be the setting for a new pattern of hegemonic masculinity, found particularly among globally mobile managers. The name transnational business masculinity was proposed for this pattern. We now reconsider Authors’Note: We are grateful to our respondents for their time and for their courage in discussing difficult issues on tape. The authors thank Renate Kretschmer, an exceptional interviewer. 

The research was partly funded by the Australian Research Council and partly by the University of Sydney. this idea in the light of some life-history research with businessmen in Australia. Hegemonic forms of masculinity in modernity are historically derived from the growth of industrial capitalism and the growth of imperialism. The bourgeois masculinities produced by these processes had many local variations, from the colonial settler elite of Natal (Morrell 2001) and the urban establishment of postcolonial Peru (Fuller 2001) to the corporate salaryman of Japan (Dasgupta 2003) and the industrial managers of Britain (Roper 1994). These had, nevertheless, key features in common: association with authority; social conservatism; compulsory heterosexuality; integration with a family division of labor; strongly marked, symbolic gender differences; and emotional distance between men and women. The men who were the bearers of these configurations of practice generally controlled the key industries in the local economy, so the locally hegemonic patterns of masculinity were typically integrated with the local patterns of capitalism. 

Capitalism changes, however. One of its central trends has been the replacement of family enterprises by corporations, which, in turn, have grown on an ever-larger scale. Although reports of the death of the capitalist in a “managerial revolution” are exaggerated and family capitalism persists (Gilding 2002), this long-term trend has certainly heightened the importance of managers as a social group. Men continue to be the overwhelming majority of managers, especially at the top levels of organizations (Hearn and Parkin 2001, 129). Managers have thus become, as Collinson and Hearn (1996) show, a key group for the understanding of modern masculinities. They are, nevertheless, a complex group. In a striking case study, Messerschmidt (1995) has shown how different patterns of managerial masculinity may underpin different sides of an argument in a life-and-death decision. Masculinities, it is now widely recognized, are constantly subject to change as a result of generational differences in gender attitudes and practices (Zulehner and Volz 1998), structural changes in the gender order itself (Connell 2002), and changes in the social structures with which the gender order is linked. Among the most important of recent environmental changes are the economic, political, and cultural shifts that have been labeled globalization. Globalization is by no means a simple fact. Although media discussions often picture the world being homogenized, wealth and power remain centered in the economies of the former imperial powers, Europe, the United States, and Japan (Hirst and Thompson 1996). The cultural effect of globalization also is very uneven (Altman 2001; Bauman 1998). However, the growth of global markets, the new electronic communication technologies, the reduction of tariff and other barriers to the movement of capital and goods, and the rising importance of multinational corporations and global capital markets are real social forces and, as will be seen below, very much present in the minds of Australian managers. How much effect these forces have already had on managerial masculinities is open to question. Wajcman’s (1999) important study focused on multi-national-oriented companies in the United Kingdom. Her research suggests the persistence of conservative gender patterns and a masculinized model of management to which women executives were obliged to conform. Ogasawara’s (1998) study in large Japanese corporations suggested, if anything, even more deeply entrenched gender conservatism, especially a rigid gender division of labor. But Hooper (2000), examining the representationof masculinity in a British-based business newspaper, points to an emphasis on cooperation and teamwork; a technocratic, new-frontier imagery associated with globalization; and few traces of old-style patriarchal masculinity. There is also clear evidence of uncertainty about gender strategies among young Japanese middle-class men (Taga 2001), and there has been public questioning and joking about the “salaryman” model of life, as the Japanese boom economy faltered and Japanese firms retreated from the old certainties (Dasgupta 2003).

THE WORK OF MANAGEMENT
BODY, SELF, AND LOCATION
GLOBALIZATION
BUSINESS MASCULINITY
CONCLUSION


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