文化相对主义和种族中心主义的历史
捐赠的价值观和行为的独特的社会和心理环境的组织。组织文化是一个组织的总和的过去和当前的假设,经历,哲学,和价值观,握在一起,铰接在其自我形象,内部运作,与外部世界的互动,和未来的预期。它是基于共享的态度,信仰,习俗,明示或默示的合同和成文和不成文的规则,组织发展随着时间的推移,已经足以衡量有效性。它也被称为企业文化,这体现在:
(1)业务进行其业务的方式,对待自己的员工,客户,和更广泛的社区,
(2)自给自足的程度和自由是允许在决策、开发新的想法,和个人的外表,
(3)如何通过其层次结构,权力和信息流
(4)对员工承诺的力量集体目标。
它称为强弱的程度是通过组织扩散的。它影响着组织的效率和性能,并提供客户关怀和服务策略;产品质量安全,出勤率和规律性。它还扩展了生产方法,营销和广告实践,创造新产品。虽然在任何国家的大型组织有很多共同的元素,但是组织文化是每个业务独一无二的最难改变的事情之一。
The values and behaviours that donate to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. Organizational culture is the sum total of an organization's past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that grip it together, and is articulated in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, express or implied contracts, and written and unwritten rules that the organization develops over time and that have worked well enough to be measured the validity. It is also called corporate culture, it manifests in:
(1) The ways the business conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community,
(2) The extent to which self-sufficiency and freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal appearance,
(3) How power and information flow through its hierarchy, and
(4) The strength of employee commitment towards collective objectives.
It is termed strong or weak to the degree it is diffused through the organization. It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides strategy on customer care and service; product quality and safety; attendance and regularity. It extends also to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. While there are many common elements in the large organizations of any country, organizational culture is unique for every business and one of the hardest things to change.
Cross-Cultural Communication
The ability to effectively promote, improve & form of associations with the members of different cultures is known as cross-cultural communication. It is based on other culture's manners, values, decision-making practices, social structure & perceptions, and the way of communication of group members - in person, verbal or non verbal, or in writing.
For understanding to take place, both people must have some form of knowledge or awareness regarding the norms or customs that exist in each other's culture.
It is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication, and make aware effort to overcome these problems and important to assume that one's efforts will not always be successful, and adjust one's behavior appropriately.
For example, one should always assume that there is a possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than unreceptive and aggressive, if any problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said.
If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can fail to notice misunderstandings. Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out-by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately.
Intermediaries are helpful in translating both the substance and the manner of what is said.
The impact different cultures have on people's behavior, emotions and thought processes are the focus of cross-cultural psychology. The norms and values within a culture go a long way toward shaping a person's psychological make-up and how she interacts with her environment.
Cross-cultural research examines how different cultures compare in terms of human behavior. The purpose of this research is to address the growing conflicts and global concerns that arise as a result of cultural differences.
Impact of Cross-Cultural Differences on Employee's behaviour:
Individual behavior in organizational setting varies across cultures. The behavior patterns are likely to be common and pervasive within an organization.
Culture itself is an important variable for this difference. There are also other factors like differing standards of living and varied geographical conditions which cause variations in behavior. However, culture is a significant factor.
Although behavior within organizational setting remains quite diverse across cultures, organizations themselves appear to be increasingly similar. Hence, managerial practices at a general level may be alike, but the people who work with in organizations differ without a doubt.
The same manager behaves differently in different cultural settings. A manager may adopt one set of behaviors when working in one culture, but may change those behaviors when moved into a different culture.
Cultural diversity can be an important source of energy in enhancing organizational effectiveness. More and more organizations are realizing the virtues of cultural diversity, but surprisingly, little do they know how to manage it.
Issues in Cross-Cultural Communication:
Language: When people do business, they need to be speaking the same language. Even if two persons are not naturals of a certain language, there must exist a certain consistency in the verbiage in order to avoid some potentially terrible circumstances.
Workplace: More and more managers are seeing problems within their own workplace because of a lack of understanding of other cultures. It simply involves two people of a different ethnic background who do not understand the other culture well enough to effectively communicate with each other.
Lack of communication: This most often occurs when managers and upper level management do not feel the need to communicate with their workers because they do not know how.
Use of jargons: workers do not mean to harm anyone when they choose hurtful words, but the damage can often times be irreparable. In this case, it is always better to be safe than to be sorry.
Barriers of Communication:
A number of communication barriers exist when we are interacting with people from different cultures. These are:
Discrimination & nuisance:
Discrimination is showing favoritism toward or prejudicial rejection of people because of differences.
Business communication between the sexes calls for a clear understanding of remarks and actions that could be construed as sexual harassment.
Sexual nuisance is unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature or with sexual overtones. It may occur for men as well as women.
A victim of continued offensive behavior should report the harassment to the proper person in the organization.
Lack of knowledge & understanding of cultures: An understanding of cultures means being aware that individuals within each culture have similarities and differences. It means responding to people as individuals while recognizing that cultural backgrounds and experiences influence behavior and communication.
Cultural Relativism & Ethnocentrisms:
Cultural relativism compares the values and behavior of different cultures and usually means judging them against standards of right and wrong. This approach to other cultures becomes a barrier when you assume that cultural beliefs, values and behaviors are wrong if they differ from those of your culture.
Ethnocentrism is the inherent belief that your own cultural tradition and values are correct and superior. People around the world are ethnocentric to a degree. Beliefs, values, and behaviors that differ from those of your culture may seem peculiar, strange and even wrong.
Language:
An increase in multicultural interactions presents language challenges. When organizations communicate with the large number of people who speak the languages other than English - misunderstandings may occur.
Non verbal language influences the receiver's understanding and acceptance of a spoken message.
If the message receiver perceives a difference between the sender's verbal and nonverbal messages, he or she is more likely to believe the non-verbal than the verbal communication.
In multicultural business communication, non verbal signs vary as much as spoken languages do. Nonverbal greetings vary from a bow to a handshake or from a hug to an upward flick of the eyebrows.
Not understanding cultural differences in nonverbal messages causes communication problems.
Introducing employees who will be working together in a non-threatening environment enables a good working relationship long term. Learning about another culture's language, rules and norms for acceptable behavior helps prepare your employees to deal with situations as they arise.
Conducting activities to demonstrate how dependent we are on language.
Provide workshops, tips and techniques for communicating effectively in cross-cultural work environments.
Coach employees to mediate conflicts related to cultural misunderstandings. Provide opportunities for employees to respond to situations from viewpoints different than their own.
Multicultural Communication Guidelines:
Understand your own culture: Improve communication with others by increasing responsiveness of your own culture and its influences on your beliefs, values, and behavior patterns. Recognize that your cultural background and experiences shape how you think, what you value, and how you communicate.
Identify and adapt to language differences: If you are communicating with persons from another culture, learn how that culture's verbal and nonverbal languages differ from your own. Observe and learn the meaning of nonverbal communication signal such as facial expressions, social distance for conversing, and hand gestures. Avoid nonverbal signals that may be offensive.
Keep an open mind and respect diversity: Learn about other cultures, beliefs, and customs without judging them by your own cultural identity and unexamined biases. This is not to suggest that you change your beliefs or disrespects your own culture, but rather that you recognize that cultural values affect beliefs and behaviors and that understanding how others interpret verbal and nonverbal language helps your communication receive the intended response.
Strategies for Effective Communication:
The success of any business or organization depends mainly on how effectively the members communicate. The skill to speak well is a minimum obligation of some businesses when hiring. Whatever the job, business professionals require broad use of oral communication when carrying out their duties.
Effective communication involves:
Listening: Good listening skills and showing a real interest are attributes of a successful communicator. Sales associates who actively listen to customers inquire and complaints are more able to solve problems and gain customer loyalty.
Use Names: When meeting people make sure you hear the person's name and use it right away so you will remember it. If you are not sure what the person said, ask him/her to repeat it.
Get to the Point: Show value for people's time by being as short as possible when giving information. Do not give lengthy, unnecessary details and don't make excuses for your mistakes. Let Others Talk: Don't be a person who does all the talking. What you are saying may be of interest to you only. Keep the other person in mind, giving him/her a chance to be a part of the discussion. Look for signals that you may be boring your listener and ask questions to grip them in the conversation.
Non-verbal Language: Nine-five percent of our communication is non-verbal, which includes: eye movement, tone of voice, posture, facial expressions and hand gestures. When talking to someone keeping eye contact without staring shows a sense of confidence. Be aware of non-verbal communication and keep it consistent with your message.
Vocal Cues: Do not use an excessive amount of 'filler' words (sayings or words repeated often), sounds such as "uh, um" or use lengthy pauses during conversation. The listener will lose interest in what you are saying and will become bored.
Create an Atmosphere of Openness: To establish a good relationship with customers and create a comfortable atmosphere be attentive to the number of interruptions. Give your customer/acquaintance your undivided attention by not keeping physical barriers (such as desks) between you. Avoid trying to communicate in a busy area and keep your focus on the listener.
Aspects of Japanese Culture
Communication & Relationships:
On the basis of personal relationships, Japanese prefer to do business.
Greetings or seasonal cards maintain good relationships.
The person should be good correspondent to maintain communication & relationship with the Japanese.
Being recommended by someone who already know the Japanese company & also have good relationships would create a good impression.
Business Negotiation:
Person must be vigilant at observing Japanese's non-verbal communication as they have crucial time saying 'no'.
Japanese are non confrontational.
Japanese prefer broad agreements.
Never raise your voice or loose temper during negotiations.
Be patient as Japanese remain silent for long time.
A gesture of goodwill - using Japanese lawyer.
Meeting Etiquette:
Wait to be introduced.
Formal greetings & ritualized.
Impolite to introduce yourself.
Shoe correct amount of respect.
Traditional form of greeting - bow.
Understanding Foreign Ways:
They don't expect foreigners to speak or read in Japanese language.
As long as respect is shown, mistakes are allowed.
They are ready to help always but often feel embarrassed due to lack of knowledge of English.
Non-Verbal communication of Japanese:
Frowning is considered as a sign of disagreement when someone is speaking.
An impassive expression is maintained by Japanese while speaking.
Japanese rely on tone of voice, posture & facial expression to tell them what someone feels.
Staring at another person's eyes is considered disrespectful.
Scratching the eyebrow, inhaling through clenched teeth, scratching back of the head & tilting the head are some expressions to watch out.
Dining Etiquette:
Remove shoes & put on slippers before entering.
For dinner, arrive on time.
Dress formally until you've not been told that the occasion is casual.
Put on the toilet slippers before going to the toilet & then remove it when you're finished.
Dress Etiquette:
Men should wear conservative , dark colored suits.
Business attire is conservative.
Women should dress conservatively.
Business Meeting Etiquettes:
Rather than sending fax, letter or email, its better to telephone for an appointment.
Appointments should be made in advance for several weeks.
Arrive on time for meetings. Be punctual.
Japanese may take several weeks to be comfortable with you. Be patient and calm.
To prove trustworthiness & ability, respond quickly.
Present the senior most member of the company with a gift , at the end of the meeting.
Never refuse a respect by Japanese, as they believe in Long-term relationships.
A small amount of business may be awarded as a trial tto know if you meet your commitments.
The most senior Japanese person will be seated furthest from the door, with the rest of the people in descending rank until the most junior person is seated closest to the door.
Being a group society, be ready for a group meeting, even if you are expecting to meet only one person.
Always provide a package of literature about your company including articles and client testimonials
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