《今日说法》标题中的认知修辞策略研究
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Motivation of the Study
News, as part of life, plays an important role in everyday life, brings the world to the front of people. People get the information they need mostly from news. As a special kind of discourse, news usually contains the news headline and detailed content. People usually focus their attentions on the headlines at the first sight, therefore, as the eye of news, headlines have become more and more important to the news in the modern society. A successful headline can decide the destiny of news directly. With the coming of information age, the competition of mass media becomes increasingly fierce. In order to attract audiences’ attention, the distinctive headlines are necessary, and the rhetorical device is necessary to a distinctive headline. Through the analysis, people find that rhetorical devices are common used in the news headlines. Rhetorical devices bring infinite surprise to people in invisible ways. A successful headline is usually illustrated by one kind of rhetorical device. In a word, it is peculiarity in that we cannot make out its meaning without certain context. The peculiarity of news headlines have attracted many Chinese scholars, who have done many related researches from different perspectives. They analyze news headlines in every concrete field, like aesthetics, sociology, and linguistics and so on. For linguistics, many linguists study news headlines from different perspectives under the framework of linguistic theories. The previous related researches about the news headlines are mainly about their rhetorical devices, pragmatic features, functions, cognitive features, and so on. Just like a coin has two sides, each theory has its advantages, and also limitations. The researches based on functions only emphasize the problem on single level; the researches based on the pragmatic features only focus on communicative level; the researches based on the rhetorical features explain news headlines superficially, but not study the inner operation mechanism; the researches based on the Cognitive Linguistics offers a new way to news headlines, which can explore the cognitive mechanism, however, it can not be well explained without rhetoric devices, for they play a very important role in the news headlines; there are only two papers based on the Cognitive Rhetoric, but they all do not analyze the the rhetorical devices used in the news headlines.
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
Rhetorical strategy, as a special kind of cognitive method, new approaches should be developed to explore its cognitive mechanism. The present study aims at explaining the cognitive mechanism of rhetorical strategies in the headlines of Legal Report, by amending the ECM aided by the context situation and Rhetoric for the purpose of a comprehensive and profound understanding of rhetorical strategies. It is hoped that this thesis could be constructive and effective to find out a new approach for people to interpret rhetorical devices. This thesis embraces the following goals. Firstly, it aims to give an analysis of the cognitive mechanism of rhetorical strategies in light of integrated CRE framework. Secondly, it aims to present a dynamic explanation of rhetorical strategies, rather than the traditional static one. Thirdly, it aims to prove the feasibility and necessity of CRE model with a closed data corpus as its support. Fourthly, it makes an attempt to provide a large number headlines with rhetorical strategy and classify them to do case study in order to be more comprehensive and detailed. Lastly, it aims to point out the limitations of CRE model and offer suggestions for further study.
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Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Rhetorical Approach to News Headlines
Rhetoric study has a long history, and news headlines have been studied by many scholars from the rhetorical approach. They have shown great interests in the study of the rhetorical devices from the rhetorical perspective. Scholars analyze the rhetorical devices from different angels, there are some scholars classified the rhetorical devices used in the news headlines into different types. Such as Liu Chi (2010), Shen Chune & Lei Yang (2010) discuss the rhetorical devices used in the news headlines, such as metaphor, personification, metonymy, she-wen, fan-wen, contrast, parody, duality, pun and each rhetoric device is close to the key point of the article. Rhetorical devices can rich the language, therefore, it refers to a kind of art. And some scholars study the art of rhetorical devices in the news headlines, Wang Danrong & Zhu Jingjing (2010)) study the rhetorical art of news headlines, in this paper, the author analyze the metaphor, she-wen, repetition, contrast, and some other rhetorical devices with case study, it also points out the multi-dimensional use of news headlines. There are some scholars research the rhetorical devices used in the news headlines from the overall view. They try to fill the gap of traditional rhetorical theories and make a summary about the previous researches. Yin Linan (2008) summarizes the researches about rhetoric nearly last decade about headlines. Cognitive Rhetoric has a lack of systematic research, the previous researches are mainly about the news and advertising headlines. This paper argues that headline is the eyes of news, the practical use of rhetorical devices can make the headlines considerably. Therefore, some scholars choose the news headlines in newspapers and magazines as their study objects. Chen Yanping (2011) analyzes the art of rhetoric with the news headlines in the “Xi’an Evening News”, Peng Wenfeng (2009) analyzes the the art of rhetoric with the headlines from the “Guangzhou Daily” and “Metropolis News”, Yi Lin (2007) analyzes the news headlines from “Sina Sports” from the perspective of rhetoric, Lai Ruzhuo (2006) analyzes the integrated features and rhetoric applications of English News Headlines on Internet, they all point out the importance of news headlines, admit the the use of rhetorical devices can enhance the expressiveness of the headline. In this kind researches, specific rhetorical devices will be explained with case from the view of Rhetoric, such as metaphor, metonymy, fan-wen, parody, and so on. However, they all just study the superficial operation mechanism about rhetorical devices, rather than the underlying one.
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2.2 Functional Approach to News Headlines
As a particular kind of discourse, news headlines have been studied from different perspectives, there are many scholars make a study about the news headlines from the view of function. News headlines can be considered as an unique type of discourse, expressing the most important information and playing a very important role in encoding and decoding process of news discourse. There are some scholars make a study about the function of news headlines. The “function” here means the realization of purpose of news headlines. Chu Jun & Zhou Jun (2006) research the functions of news headlines and point out The headline is a perfect combination of language features, aesthetic function and pragmatic function. Xu Changming (2013) discusses the realization of functions in news headlines. News headlines have the double functions, one is to sum up the news content with limited words, the other is to attract the audiences’ interests. News headlines achieve the purposes through vocabulary, grammar and rhetorical devices. There are some other scholars make a study about news headlines from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics, and the “function” here refers to the professional term from Linguistics. Wang Geng (2007) analyzes the sports headlines from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The author points out that News headlines have the general function and interpersonal function, one connects headlines and news content, and the other links headlines and audiences. Except for this paper, Zhang Xiaoling (2009) analyzes English newspaper headlines from the view of System Functional Stylistic. The article analyzes the headlines from three aspects of physical systems, tone systems and thematic system, and summarizes the features of English newspaper headlines with comparison.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework....15
3.1 Theoretical Background......15
3.1.1 The Emergence of Cognitive Rhetoric and Its Limitations......15
3.1.1.1 The emergence of Cognitive Rhetoric....15
3.1.1.2 Its limitations.......18
3.1.2 ECM and Its Limitations.........19
3.1.3 The Necessity of Context of Situation..........22
3.2 Theoretical Framework: CRE....25
3.3 Summary....29
Chapter Four Data Analysis and Discussions....31
4.1 Data Collection and Description..........31
4.2 The Explanatory Power of 13 Rhetorical Strategies via CRE.......34
4.3 Distribution of Rhetorical Strategies in News Headlines........47
4.4 Distribution of Rhetorical Strategies on Different Levels.......48
4.5 Summary.....53
Chapter Five Conclusion........54
5.1 Contributions and Significance.......54
5.2 Limitations and Suggestions of the Thesis..........55
Chapter Four Data Analysis and Data Discussion
As we have already mentioned, rhetorical strategies are common used in news headlines, however, the traditional researches about news headlines attach more attention to its function, pragmatic features, rhetorical features and so on, rather than its cognitive rhetorical features. Therefore, this thesis proposes CRE model to analyze the cognitive mechanism of rhetorical strategies in news headlines. This chapter will apply this cognitive model to the analysis of cognitive rhetorical mechanism of news headlines in detail to testify the effectiveness and practicability of new model. After all, a thorough and comprehensive analysis of 1194 news headlines and 13 rhetorical strategies has been made through CRE.
4.1 Data Collection and Description
As we have mentioned in chapter two, one of the problems of previous researches on news headlines is that they are mainly based on the introspection instead of on real data corpus. Therefore, a data-based research is necessary in this thesis. Legal Report is the representative in Chinese legal show. In order to find out an appropriate theory to explain the rhetorical strategies in news headlines, this paper chooses headlines of Legal Report form the year 2010 to 2013 on CCTV as data corpus. This thesis adopts a qualitative and quantitative research analysis under the cognitive rhetorical framework. It is qualitative, for the study is analyzed at the cognitive rhetorical level; it is quantitative, for this thesis applies statistic and comprehensive description and data-based analysis.
Conclusion
This chapter is the conclusion of this thesis, the first part is the significance and contributions of the thesis, and then the author will points out the limitations and gives some suggestions for the thesis. This thesis attempts to explore the cognitive rhetorical mechanism of the rhetorical strategies in the headlines of Legal Report from the perspective of Cognitive Rhetoric. The previous researches about news headlines mainly focus on their rhetorical, pragmatic effects and the functions of headlines, and cognitive researches still remain on a relatively superficial level and on a small amount. Besides, there is no systematic study about rhetorical strategies in the headlines of Legal Report from the perspective of Cognitive Rhetoric, and there is no closed data corpus constitutes with hundreds of headlines from the Legal Report. It is well known that the thesis with a large amount of data will be more convincing. Therefore, a large amount of data is necessary in this paper. The main purpose of this thesis is to give an analysis of the cognitive rhetorical illustration of rhetorical strategies used in the headlines of Legal Report in light of CRE. It aims to break the traditional study and find a new way to study the news headlines.
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The reference (omitted)
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