基于Bednarek的参数框架对比《金融时报》新闻英译汉中原、译文之间的评价资源

发布时间：2016-08-09 07:18

Chapter One   Introduction 

1.1 Research Background  
Nowadays,  communication  between  different  languages  is  very  common.  The soaring of intercultural communication is leading to the appearance of global village. The term was originated in the 1970s, referring an closer relationship among nations and  races.  As  a  member  of  the  ‘global  village’,  China  has  actively  participated  in international society.In addition, as a developing country, it is eager to introduce more advanced knowledge, ideas and concepts to its citizens. Also, Chinese people want to know  more  about  the  outside  world.  In  this  way,  E-C  news  translation  is  needed  in great amount. Many scholars are interested in studying E-C news translation so as to provide  useful  guidance  for  translators.  However,  translation  studies  in  the  past usually start from the authors’ self experience and are prone to subjectivity. There is still huge room for the development of translation studies. Language  is  combined  with  opinions  and  attitudes.  When  the  speaker  or  writer makes an utterance, he never gives out neutral expressions but suggesting his position and stance. Hence, an important part in the  process  of  communication  is  the  express of  evaluation.  Researchers  have  realized  the  importance  of  studying  evaluative resources  but  most  of  them  focus  on  the  features  of  evaluative  resources  in  different genres within a single cultural context (Ksrner, 2000; Hood, 2004; Wang, 2002, 2004, 2010;). Communication  between  two  languages  is  an  unique  form  of  expressing evaluative  resources.  Evaluative  resources  refer  to  the  semantic  resources  used  to negotiate emotions, judgments, and valuations alongside resources for amplifying and engaging with these evaluations (Martin, 2000, p. 12). It is noticed that the evaluative resources sometimes changed when the source text is translated to the target language. Although  a  translator  is  required  to  convey  the  ideas  of  the  speakers  faithfully, accuracy could only be realized to some extent.
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1.2 Research Purposes  
As  studies  on  evaluation  are  mostly  explored  in  uni-cultural  contexts  and translation  studies,  involving  two  culture,  are  less  studied  in  evaluative  resources  in translation. In addition, the demand of E-C news translation is increasing. Taking all these into consideration, this thesis taps into the following questions: a. Are there any differences in the distribution of evaluative resources in source texts  and  target  texts  in  terms  of  Bednarek’s  six  core  parameters?  If  there  are differences, what are they? b. What are the reasons for the differences in terms of evaluation? c. What insights can be drawn for translators from the analysis of the evaluative expressions in the E-C news translation? d.  What  reflections  and  improvements  can  be  made  to  Bednarek’s  parameter framework? In order to achieve this purpose, authentic translations are selected as materials. These  translations  are  generally  regarded  as  good  translations.  This  can  assure  the conclusions  drawn  from  the  observation  of  those  translations  are  meaningful  and useful.  Moreover,  a  parallel  corpus  of  STs  and  TTs  will  be  made  to  quantify  the comparative study.  
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Chapter Two   Literature Review  

In  recent  years,  with  the  increasing  international  communication,  news translation has become one of the hottest research fields which receive more and more attention from relevant experts both in China and throughout the world.  

2.1 News Translation Studies Abroad
Various  approaches  have  been  explored  in  order  to  provide  guidance  for translation  practice.  The  most  significant  parts  are  stylistic,  communicative  and sociolinguistic approaches. In the following part, there is a general introduction to the previous studies of news translation.  Two  questions  are  researched  by  following  scholars:  news  features  and  news translating  objectives.  Stylistic  analysis  searches  for  features  in  the  grammar, punctuation, graphology etc that might serve to distinguish news reporting from other styles of language.  Firstly,  for  news  features,  Evans  (1974)  introduces  generic  structuring  through treatment  of  individual  examples  of  stories.  Stories  are  usually  divided  into  an opening including the first sentence (the “lead” ) and then a body. This opening “lead” is  used  to  highlight  the  “news  point”  or  “angle”  of  the  story  and  to  summaries  its “essential news elements”. Some training texts advise that the lead should contain the “five Ws and an H” –“who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “why” and “how”. Studies  abroad  on  English  news  translation  started  from  Susan  Bassnett,  a translation  theorist.  She  (2009,  p.  6)  find  that  translation  promotes  the  circulation  of information  all  over  the  world.  In  her  article  Translation  in  global  news  agencies, some special features of news translation has been discussed. 
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2. 2 News Translation Studies at Home  
The  relevant  studies  concerning  news  translation  in  our  country  can  be  briefly summarized  from  the  following  aspects:news  translation  standard  and  its  translating methods , news translation criticism and news translation theories In  the  line  of  news  translation  techniques,  translation  practice  is  the  research subject.  In  previous  studies,  three  aspects  are  mainly  discussed:  news  translation standard, news sectional researches and news translating methods . Firstly,  for  news  standard,  some  researchers  get  multiple  results.  For  some scholars, equivalence is picked up as the standard of news translation. Equivalence is understood as the standard of news lead translation according to Chen (2001) whose opinion  is  supported  by  Huang  (2010).  In  Huang  and  Li’s  (2004)  study,  equivalent effect is viewed as one of the translation standards. For  the  other  scholars,  Yan  Fu’s  faithfulness,  expressiveness  and  elegance  with new  meanings  or  slight  adjustment  are  ideal  news  translation  standards.  Yan  Fu’s standards  are  adopted  as  the  news  translation  standards  by  both  Chen  (2001)  and Wang (2007). However, they develop the standards into different levels. A comparison between the three standards is made in Chen’s study and the conclusion is drawn that faithfulness  and  expressiveness  are  very  important  while  elegance  is  complimentary. Different with Chen’s, new meanings of the standards are developed by Wang as the news  translation  standards.  Except  for  the  directly  adoption  of  Yan’s  standards,  a creative adaption is made by Huang (2010). Wu  (2005)  doubts  the  translating  theory  of  “faithfulness”  from  the  perspectives of cultural differences and the special demands of TV and radio news by exemplifying with a large quantity of examples of news translation. He thinks that the translators of TV  and  radio  News  have  to  deviate  from  the  original  text  consciously  in  order  to reach  the  anticipated  destination  and  realize  the  ideal  dissemination  under  some special circumstances. 
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Chapter Three   Theoretical Framework .............. 20 
3.1 Evaluation ........... 20 
3.2 Bednarek’s Parameter-Based Framework ....... 21 
3.3 Summary ............. 24 
Chapter Four   Results and Discussion ..... 25 
4.1 Marking Evaluative Parameters ........... 25 
4.2 Realization of Aligning and Deviation at Lexical Level ...... 44
4.3 Causes for Deviation of ST and TT ..... 60
4.3.1 Different Attitude Sources ......... 60 
4.3.2 Different Cultures and Ideologies ......... 61 
4.3.3 Different Form and Degree of Evaluators ....... 62 
4.4 Suggestions for Faithful Translation .... 63 
Chapter Five   Conclusion ............. 66 
5.1 Findings .............. 66 
5.2 Implications ........ 67 
5.3 Limitations .......... 67 

Chapter Four   Results and Discussion 

4.1 Marking Evaluative Parameters 

After  reading  ST,  some  evaluative  meaning  are  noticed  by  the  author.  Then, comparing  the  evaluative  meaning  and  its  corresponding  translation  in  TT,  certain marks are given to signify 6 kinds of core evaluative parameters respectively. Following the research questions and the evaluative parameters, this chapter will explore  semantic  realizations  of  evaluative  meanings  in  the  data  of  E-C  news translation  by  marking  the  evaluative  parameters.  Before  marking  evaluative parameters in the corpus, the definition of evaluative parameters should be given first for a clear understanding of the study. Chen  (2008)  points  out  that  evaluative  parameters  refer  to  different  types  of semantic  categories  realized  by  linguistic  expression  of  evaluation.  In  other  word，，they  are  concerned  with  the  categorization  of  evaluative  meanings  (Chen,  2008, pp.71-72).  Bednarek  (2006)  suggests  a  group  of  values  as  evaluative  parameters, indicating  that  speakers  can  use  good  or  bad,  important  or  unimportant,  expected  or unexpected, genuine or fake to evaluate different aspects of the world.  The  following  section  will  investigate  evaluative  parameters  in  E-C  news translation  in  detail.  The  realizations  and  distributions  of  the  parameters  in  the  data will  be  carefully  depicted.  For  the  convenience  of  marking  and  numbering,  certain mark  are  given  for  each  parameter  and  the  corresponding  sub-parameters.  For example,  in  parameter  Comprehensibility,  CO1  and  CO2  stand  for  the  two sub-parameters: comprehensible/ incomprehensible respectively. EM1 and EM2 refer to positive and negative in parameter Emotivity. EX1, EX2, EX3 and EX4 stand for expectedness,  unexpectedness,  contrast  and  contrast/comparison  (negation)  in parameter Expectedness. For parameter Importance, IM1 and IM2 refer to important and unimportant. In Possibility/Necessity, PN1, PN2 and PN3 refer to Impossible and Unnecessary,  Possible  and  Necessary.  In  Reliability,  RE1,  RE2,  RE3  and  RE4  stand for  Genuine  and  Fake,  High,  Medium  and  Low.

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Conclusion

Bednarek’s (2006) parameter-based framework provides a useful tool to discuss evaluative  resources  dotted  in  texts.  Many  studies  have  proved  the  theory  is applicable in different genres. This thesis has applied it in E-C translation study which is  seldom  explored  before.  Several  findings  are  obtained  after  this  corpus-based investigation into authentic materials. The following is a short conclusion of the major findings of the thesis. Firstly,  the  changes  of  evaluative  resources  take  different  forms.  The  translator may  adjust  the  stance  taken  by  differing,  adding  or  reducing  evaluative  resources. Equivalence  at  the  level  lexis  is  often  abandoned.  Besides,  adding  or  reducing evaluative  resources  occur  in  certain  situations.  Sometimes,  When  the  ST  have negative information, the TT will add something positive or reduce the negative word to his benefit. Secondly,  the  thesis  uncover  possible  causes  for  the  changes  of  evaluative resources  at  the  lexical  level  of  E-C  translation.  Different  attitude  sources,  different cultures  and  ideologies  and  different  form and  degree  of  evaluators are contribute to such  changes.  Besides,  these  factors  are  in  an  interwoven  network,  dynamically influencing each other. Therefore, a successful translator should realize translation is not only the decoding of one language into and encoding into another language, it is an inter-cultural interaction. Thirdly,  three  suggestions  for  faithful  translation  have  been  given  under Bednarek’s  parameter-based  framework:  aligning  with  the  attitude  of  the  ST;  being faithful to the culture and ideology in ST; keeping the form and degree of Evaluators equivalent. If the news translators pay more attention to these aspects, then TT will be more faithful. 
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The reference (omitted)

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