我国文化事业财政投入研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 20:50

本文选题：文化事业 + 财政投入机制　；参考：《东北财经大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：一个社会的发展需要精神的支撑,文化便是它的内核。根据发达国家的经验,当人均GDP达到3000美元的时候,居民消费结构开始变化,精神文化需求呈现大幅增加。我国人均GDP早已超过3000美元,目前已经超过5000美元大关,种种迹象显示,我国居民的文化消费动力已经开始显现,发展文化事业是适应消费需求变化的历史选择。本文研究的文化事业,是指通过政府的财政资金兴办的文化活动的全部,非营利性的、从事文化研究创作、文化产品生产和文化公共服务的文化活动。居民的文化需求中,一部分被确认为基本的公共性的文化需求,这些文化需求的满足通常由文化事业来完成。因此,从这个意义上说,文化事业具有民生意义。在公共财政框架下,在基本公共服务均等化的原则下,公共文化服务成为当下我国文化事业向社会提供的主要服务内容,即保证全体社会成员享受到基本的精神文化产品和服务,保障全体社会成员最基本的文化权益,由政府文化事业提供的免费或优惠的文化产品和服务。文化事业是典型的中国特色术语。建国伊始,中国的制度设计秉持的是苏联模式,理论指针是阶级斗争思想,文化被当做意识形态斗争工具,完全由国家办、国家管。在这样的制度背景下,有了文化事业,并且也只有文化事业,根本不存在营利性的、遵循市场规律的文化产业。改革开放以后,文化市场逐渐成长壮大,中国才有了文化产业。中国的文化产业总体来源于两股源流,一是新生于文化市场的文化产业,二是脱胎于文化事业的文化产业。当下的我国,文化事业在将大部分文化职能让位于文化产业,财政不再需要大包大揽,这个过程目前还远没有结束。同时,政府重新进行职能定位,明确其新的职能范围为公益性文化事业,财政保证这些公益性文化事业的资金投入。从这个意义上说,研究我国文化事业财政投入成为一个极为有意义的课题。从国际视角考察,一国的文化软实力越来越成为征服世界的重要途径。“软实力”的概念是美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫·奈在上个世纪90年代初提出的,指一国文化被普遍认同的程度。他指出,一个国家有“硬实力”和“软实力”,前者包括诸如基本资源(如土地面积、人口、自然资源等)、军事力量、经济力量和科技力量等；后者则体现为国家的“吸引力”和“效仿力”,可以超越时空,产生巨大的影响力。他认为,美国在几十年中利用软实力成功地获得了很大的国际影响力,但后来越来越多地使用硬实力,影响力反倒日趋式微。奈的观点一经问世便迅速成为理论界和民间共同认可的战略决策依据。从这个意义上说,文化事业具有一定的国家战略意义,因为,文化事业对打造一国的文化软实力有着非常必要的基础性作用。文化事业对国民经济具有贡献,主要从其间接效益中体现出来。间接效益来自于依托文化事业的相关产业,如文化旅游业、网络文化业、动漫产业、音像产业、影视产业、其他版权产业、艺术品市场等。上述产业在培育国民经济新的增长点、带动现代服务业发展等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用,从而促进国民经济的良性增长,加快经济增长方式的转变。文化事业的兴办有赖于公共资金,在当下的我国主要来源于政府的财政投入。为使我国的文化事业适应上述社会需要,研究文化事业的财政投入成为有意义的课题。本文全文布局具有一定的逻辑递进关系：首先,对文化事业及其财政投入进行基本的理论分析与界定,奠定本文的研究基础。包括两部分：一是政府介入文化事业的理论依据；二是我国文化事业及其财政投入的基本分析。其次,进行现实分析,分析角度有两个：一是我国文化事业财政投入的现实状况,二是其他若干典型国家的文化事业财政投入经验与做法。本部分以实证分析为下文的构想与建议奠定基础。最后,展开构想,提出建议。本文的构想包括三个方面,为实现此构想,本文又提出了众多具体建议。全文的基本内容安排如下：第1章,导论。介绍本文选题的背景和研究意义,回顾国内外关于政府介入文化事业方面的相关理论及观点,说明文章的研究思路以及研究框架、研究方法、创新与不足等。第2章,政府介入文化事业的理论依据。本章首先对文化事业的相关概念进行了界定,具体包括：文化、文化产品、文化事业、文化市场、文化产业；继而分析文化事业的公共产品属性,分析文化事业的市场失灵问题,以及文化事业的政府失灵问题,从而阐释文化事业发展中的政府责任定位与政府责任边界。第3章,我国文化事业及其财政投入的基本分析。本章首先阐述了对我国的文化事业的重新认识,主要从两个方面来展开分析：一是采用广义文化视角归纳总结我国文化事业的体系构成；二是阐释选择文化事业广义视角的合理性。其次,本章针对当下我国文化事业的特殊性,阐释了文化事业提供的公共文化服务的相关理论界说。最后,将本章的分析落脚于对财政投入的一些关键性问题的辨析,包括多种投入方式的介绍和基本投入项目的内容梳理。第4章,我国文化事业财政投入的现实考察。本章是本文的一个重墨之处,从全景角度和分类角度对我国文化事业财政投入的现状进行描述与分析。首先,进行总体分析,从制度、政策、投入总量分析等方面综合论述考察对象的成就与不足。然后,本章将文化事业分别以文化文物事业和新闻出版广电事业两大具体考察对象,每一对象以单独一节,进行财政投入的具体深入的剖析,努力探寻深层次的经验与缺失。第5章,文化事业财政投入的国际经验与借鉴。本章首先以欧美和亚洲多个较为先进的国家为样本国家,考察这些国家在文化事业与政府投入方面的做法,进行深入分析,对其中的经验进行归纳总结。在此基础上,本章试图将国际经验与我国的实践实现有益的对接,提出对我国的启示。第6章,促进我国文化事业发展的财政投入：构想与建议。本章是本文的又一个重墨之处,在前述理论与实践的基础上,提出促进我国文化事业进一步良性发展的财政投入的建设性意见,主要从总体构想与具体建议两个方面来阐述。总体构想的着力点在于三大方面：一是确立公共财政框架下文化事业的“广义视角”原则,将财政投入的规划原则拓展至涵盖文化演艺、文化遗产、广播影视和新闻出版的广义视角；二是提出构建与完善文化事业发展的财政投入机制；三是提出建立与健全文化事业发展的财政资金保障机制。在总体构想的基础上,本文提出相应的具体建议,以支撑上述的总体构想。本文可能存在如下一些创新之处：第一,在基础理论分析中,充实了大量对文化产品的公共性特征的分析与市场失灵情况的分析。第二,在选择研究对象时,原创性地选取了有分有合的“广义文化”视角,对财政作用于我国文化事业领域的基本情况做了全方位的梳理、分析与解读,个人认为这是对今后文化事业的财政投入研究非常有裨益的一次总结和梳理。第三,在研究分析财政投入的过程中,将文化事业体制和文化事业的财政制度与政策纳入研究视野,从制度与政策层面阐释财政对文化的投入的缘由和演变过程,使得论述部分内容饱满。本文的主要不足之处在于：新闻出版广电事业的财政投入相关数据非常有限,限制了分析的深度。在对我国政府文化支出作定量分析时,未能深入地运用计量经济学中更多的方法进行建模和检验。
[Abstract]:The development of a society needs spiritual support and culture is its core. According to the experience of the developed countries, when the per capita GDP reaches 3000 US dollars, the consumption structure of the residents has changed and the spiritual and cultural needs have increased greatly. The per capita GDP in China has already exceeded $3000, and it has already exceeded 5000 US dollars. All the signs show that The cultural consumption power of the Chinese residents has begun to appear, and the development of cultural undertakings is a historical choice to adapt to the change in consumption demand. The cultural undertakings studied in this paper refer to the cultural activities that have been set up through the government's financial funds, non-profit, cultural research, production of cultural products and cultural public services. In the cultural needs of the residents, some of the cultural needs are recognized as basic public cultural needs. These cultural needs are usually fulfilled by cultural undertakings. Therefore, in this sense, cultural undertakings have the significance of the people's livelihood. Under the public financial framework, under the principle of the equalization of basic public services, the public cultural service has become the present. The main services provided by the cultural undertakings to the society are to ensure that all the members of the society enjoy the basic spiritual and cultural products and services, guarantee the basic cultural rights and interests of all the members of the society, and provide free or preferential cultural products and services provided by the government's cultural undertakings.
The cultural cause is a typical Chinese characteristic term. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic, the system design of China held the Soviet model, the theoretical pointer was class struggle thought, and culture was regarded as an ideological struggle tool. It was completely run by the state and the state. Under such a system, there were cultural undertakings, and there were only cultural undertakings, and there was no camp at all. After the reform and opening up, the cultural market has grown up, and China has a cultural industry. The cultural industry in China comes from two sources, the other is the cultural industry born in the cultural market, and the two is the cultural industry. This process is far from ending. At the same time, the government is relocating its functions, defining its new functions as public welfare cultural undertakings, and ensuring the financial investment of these public welfare cultural undertakings. In this sense, the study of China's cultural undertakings. Political input has become a very meaningful subject.
From an international perspective, the soft power of a country has become an increasingly important way to conquer the world. The concept of "soft power", proposed by Professor Joseph Nai of the Harvard University in the early 90s of last century, refers to the extent to which a nation's culture is universally recognized. Such as basic resources (such as land area, population, natural resources, etc.), military, economic and scientific and technological forces, and the latter as the "attraction" and "emulate" of the country, which can transcend time and space and have great influence. In his opinion, the United States has successfully achieved great international influence in the use of soft power in the last ten years. However, more and more hard power has been used, and the influence is declining more and more. Nai's viewpoint quickly becomes the basis of strategic decision which is recognized by both the theorists and the folk. In this sense, cultural undertakings have a certain national strategic significance, because cultural undertakings have a great need to build a country's cultural soft power. A basic role to play.
Cultural undertakings have contributed to the national economy, mainly from its indirect benefits. Indirect benefits come from related industries relying on cultural undertakings, such as cultural tourism, network culture, animation industry, audio and video industry, film and television industry, other copyright industries, art market and so on. The development of modern service industry plays a decisive role in promoting the healthy growth of the national economy and speeding up the transformation of the mode of economic growth.
The development of cultural undertakings depends on public funds. In the present China, the main source of our country is the financial input of the government. In order to adapt the cultural cause of our country to the social needs, it is a meaningful subject to study the financial investment of the cultural undertakings.
The full text layout has certain logical progressive relations.
First, the basic theoretical analysis and definition of cultural undertakings and their financial input are carried out to lay the foundation for the study. The two parts are as follows: first, the theoretical basis of government intervention in cultural undertakings; two is the basic analysis of our country's cultural undertakings and their financial input.
Secondly, the actual analysis is carried out, and there are two analysis angles: first, the actual situation of the financial investment in China's cultural undertakings, and the two is the experience and practice of the financial investment in some other typical countries. This part lays the foundation for the following ideas and suggestions.
Finally, the concept and suggestions are put forward. The idea of this article includes three aspects. In order to achieve this idea, this paper also puts forward many specific suggestions.
The basic content of the full text is as follows:
The first chapter, introduction, introduces the background and significance of this topic, reviews the relevant theories and views on the government's involvement in cultural undertakings at home and abroad, and explains the research ideas and research framework, research methods, innovation and deficiency, etc.
The second chapter is the theoretical basis for the government to intervene in cultural undertakings. This chapter first defines the related concepts of cultural undertakings, including culture, cultural products, cultural undertakings, cultural markets, cultural industries, and then analysis of the public product attributes of cultural undertakings, analysis of the market failure of cultural undertakings, and the loss of government in cultural undertakings. The spirit problem explains the position of government responsibility and the boundary of government responsibility in the development of cultural undertakings.
The third chapter, the basic analysis of our country's cultural undertakings and their financial input. This chapter first expounds the re understanding of our cultural undertakings, mainly from two aspects: first, to summarize and summarize the system composition of our cultural undertakings by using a broad cultural perspective; and two to explain the rationality of the broad perspective of the selection of cultural undertakings. Secondly, This chapter explains the theoretical definition of public cultural services provided by cultural undertakings in view of the particularity of the present cultural undertakings in our country. Finally, the analysis of this chapter is based on the analysis of some key issues of financial input, including the introduction of various input methods and the content of basic input items.
The fourth chapter is a realistic investigation of the financial investment of Chinese cultural undertakings. This chapter is a key point of this article. From a panoramic view and a classification angle, the present situation of the financial investment in Chinese culture is described and analyzed. First, the overall analysis is carried out and the achievements and shortcomings of the object are discussed from the aspects of system, policy and total input. Then, this chapter will take cultural undertakings with two specific objects of cultural relic and news and radio and television, each of them, with a single section, to make an in-depth analysis of the financial input, and try to explore the deep level of experience and lack.
The fifth chapter, the international experience and reference of the financial investment of cultural undertakings. This chapter first takes the more advanced countries in Europe and the United States and Asia as the sample countries to examine the practice of these countries in cultural undertakings and government inputs, to make an in-depth analysis and summarize the experience of these countries. On this basis, this chapter tries to make the international experience with me. The practice of China has realized a useful docking and put forward the enlightenment to our country.
The sixth chapter, the financial input to promote the development of China's cultural undertakings: ideas and suggestions. This chapter is another important part of this article. On the basis of the foregoing theory and practice, this chapter puts forward the constructive opinions of the financial input to promote the further benign development of our cultural undertakings, mainly from the two aspects of the general concept and specific proposals. The focus of the concept lies in three major aspects: first, to establish the "broad perspective" principle of cultural undertakings under the framework of public finance, and expand the planning principles of financial input to the broad perspective of cultural performance, cultural heritage, radio, film and television and press publishing; and the two is to put forward the financial investment mechanism for the construction and improvement of the development of cultural undertakings; The three is to put forward the financial fund guarantee mechanism to establish and improve the development of cultural undertakings. On the basis of the overall concept, this paper puts forward specific suggestions to support the above overall concept.
There may be some innovations in this article:
First, in the basic theoretical analysis, we have enriched a large number of analysis of the publicity characteristics of cultural products and the analysis of market failure.
Second, when choosing the research object, the original selection of the perspective of "generalized culture" is original. It makes a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the financial role in the field of cultural undertakings in our country. I think this is a very helpful summary and combing of the financial investment research in the future.
Third, in the process of studying and analyzing financial input, the financial system and policy of cultural undertakings and cultural undertakings are brought into the field of study. The reason and evolution process of financial input to culture are explained from the level of system and policy, which makes the discussion part full.
The main inadequacies of this paper are that the financial input related data of the news and publishing industry is very limited and restricts the depth of the analysis. In the quantitative analysis of the government's cultural expenditure in China, more methods in Econometrics have not been used for modeling and testing.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F812.45;G12

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