《晏子春秋》论稿

发布时间：2018-06-10 20:38

  本文选题：晏子春秋 + 成书年代　； 参考：《曲阜师范大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：《晏子春秋》是记述春秋后期齐国贤臣晏婴言行事迹的一部专书。晏婴不仅是当时与叔向、子产齐名的政治家,也是当时著名的大学者之一,为春秋时期人本主义思潮的代表人物。论文第一章主要根据现有材料梳理晏婴家世及有关史籍记载中的晏婴形象与思想,以做到“知人论世”。从现存材料来看,晏氏非齐国公族,晏氏世系在春秋时不可考,晏婴先祖在春秋时见于记载的只有晏子和晏弱。晏弱因率军灭掉莱国而为齐灵公所倚重。根据前贤对《叔夷钟》的考释,叔夷与晏弱为同一人,叔夷或为晏弱之字。叔夷是宋人而仕于齐者,故晏氏当为宋穆公的后代。童书业曾论及“墨学为宋学”,晏子尚俭思想有“宋学”的影响。根据对有关材料的梳理,“婴”应是晏子之名,“平仲”则为其字；晏子当生于公元前580年之前,卒于公元前500年。记载晏子言行事迹最多的史籍,首推《左传》,其次为《史记》,通过对两书所记晏子言行事迹的爬梳,可知历史记载中的晏子与《晏子春秋》中的晏子,在思想和形象上,并没有太大的差异。虽然不排除《晏子春秋》里面有后人演义附会的篇章,却不能改变其历史著作的性质,可以与《左传》《史记》等记载相配合,作为研究晏子思想、晏子形象的第一手资料。论文第二、三、四章主要讨论《晏子春秋》的成书年代、思想观念和形象塑造,上述三方面是《晏子春秋》研究中的重要内容。成书时间事关《晏子春秋》的真伪及思想史、文学史价值的定位,学术界一直聚讼纷纭,随着简牍材料的出土,为我们进一步讨论其成书问题提供了可能。从关键概念入手,挖掘其内涵,梳理其来龙去脉,有助于我们加深对晏子思想价值的认识。《晏子春秋》的文学价值主要体现于人物形象的塑造,从士文化角度观察,晏子形象对于我们探求古代士人文化心理特征具有近似于“源头”的标本意义；景公形象在审美价值上与晏子形象相得益彰,提升了《晏子春秋》的文学品格。以上三个方面,构成了我们讨论《晏子春秋》的主要内容。《晏子春秋》的成书年代,至今有春秋说、春秋末至战国初期说、战国说、秦代说、汉代说、六朝说等,后三种说法认为《晏子春秋》非先秦古籍,汉代说、六朝说更是将其看作伪书。经过学者们的艰苦努力,借助出土文献资料,伪书说已被推翻,其为先秦古籍已成学界主流观点。根据《晏子春秋》成书年代上、下限,以及《晏子春秋》书中所记的建筑制度、词汇语义和思想观念等特征,其成书在春秋末至战国初期。联系时代背景,《晏子春秋》当成书于春秋末期；编纂者有可能是齐国太史子馀,其材料来源于齐史或晏婴家史。到战国时期,以淳于髡为代表的稷下先生们对《晏子春秋》作过加工整理,从而带有他们各自学派的一些痕迹,并搜集民间流传的晏子故事以充实之。至刘向,始去其重复,定著八篇。作为政治家,晏子在长期的行政实践中形成了完整的治国理念,概括言之就是御德修礼,用贤任能,分别与其德观念、礼观念、士观念对应。就其德观念而言,晏子基于人的“足欲”本性和现实中足欲而亡的教训,针对齐景公的奢侈纵欲,提出以“让”为德,引导景公推自乐之心与百姓同之,方是兴国之正途。晏子的德观念丰富了春秋以来德观念的内涵,并为“德”由政治概念转向伦理观念开辟了路径,在春秋时期德观念的发展演变中,起到了承前启后的作用；就其礼观念而言,晏子把礼提高到与“天地并立”的高度以强化礼的合理性与规范性,突破了“礼不下庶人”的传统,强调礼为民纪,看重其在维护社会秩序方面的意义。晏子对礼的本质的辩证思考,重“礼”轻“仪”,行“不法之礼”,都是强调礼作为政治秩序原则的意义。晏子的礼观念,既是对齐文化尤其是管仲礼制思想的继承,又是在新的历史条件下,对齐国礼学的丰富与发展；就其士观念而言,晏子认为隐则非贤,要求士必须出仕,并把士的人生价值取向定位于“行道者”,而道之根本在以民为本,故士出仕当为“社稷之臣”,与孔子等一起,在新兴士阶层的初起阶段,就已努力贯注了一种理想主义的精神。士人道德、学问追求的目标是君子,士应修德进身以达君子之境。由于晏子十分注意个体道德人格修养,并在君臣关系上提出了著名的“和而不同”论,因而其士观念具有鲜明的实践性特色。《晏子春秋》的文学价值,主要体现在它塑造了晏子和景公这两个典型人物上。晏子属于士阶层,其形象体现了士阶层的文化人格,这种人格特征已积淀到后世士人精神与实践的各个方面,奠定了士阶层崛起后文化人格内涵的基本内容,对于我们探求古代士人文化心理特征具有近似于“源头”的标本意义。而其文化人格的悲剧性内涵,为《晏子春秋》的文学品格,抹上了一层浓重的悲剧色彩。齐景公虽然处于晏子形象的衬托地位,但《晏子春秋》不仅多侧面展现出景公形象的丰富性,同时也写出了其性格的发展流变,在审美价值上与晏子形象相得益彰。以之与《左传》中以复杂著称的楚灵王形象和以性格的发展见长的晋文公形象相比也不逊色,为先秦文学人物画廊增添了一个个性丰满的国君形象。
[Abstract]:"Yan Zi spring and Autumn" is a special book which describes the deeds and deeds of Yan Ying in the late spring and Autumn period. Yan infant is not only a politician at that time and uncle, but also one of the famous universities at that time. It was the representative figure of the humanism in the spring and Autumn period. The first chapter of the paper was mainly based on the existing materials to comb the history of Yan Ying's family and the records of historical records. From the existing materials, Yan's non Qi State and Yan's lineage can not be tested during the spring and Autumn period. Yan Ying's ancestors found only Yan Zi and Yan weak in the spring and Autumn period. Weak is the same person, uncle Yi or Yan weak character. Uncle Yi is the song man and the official of the Qi, so Yan's is the descendant of Song Mu. The children's book industry once discussed "the study of Mohism as song", and Ko Nao thought has the influence of "Song school". According to the combing of the related materials, "baby" should be the name of Yan Zi, "Ping Zhong" is the word, Yan Zi was born in BC. 580 years ago, he died in 500 B.C., which recorded the most historical records of Yan Zi's deeds, the first push of "Zuo Zhuan >", followed by "Shi Ji". By combing the words and deeds of Yan Zi in the two books, we know that the Yan Zi and Yan Zi in the historical records were not very different in thought and image. In the second, third and four chapters of the paper, the second, third and four chapters mainly discuss the dating of Yan Zi's spring and Autumn period, thought ideas and images, and the above three aspects are "Yan Zi Chun Qiu > research". The important content of the study is that the time of writing is related to the authenticity and the history of the spring and Autumn period of Yan Zi, the historical value of the literary history and the position of the literary history. With the unearthed of the bamboo slips, it is possible for us to further discuss the problem of its book formation. The literary value of "Yan Zi's spring and Autumn" is mainly reflected in the characterization of the characters. From the view of the scholar culture, Yan Zi's image has a similar significance to the "source" of the cultural and psychological characteristics of ancient scholars. The three aspects of the literary character of autumn > constitute the main content of the discussion of "Yan Zi Chun Qiu >" the main content of the spring and Autumn period of Yan Zi. In the spring and Autumn period, the spring and Autumn Period said, the spring and Autumn Period said, the Warring States said, the Qin Dynasty said, the Han Dynasty said, the Six Dynasties said, and the latter three thought that "Yan Zi spring and autumn > non pre Qin ancient books", the Han Dynasty said that six dynasties said that the Six Dynasties more regarded them as more considered them. After the hard efforts of the scholars, with the help of the unearthed documents, the false book has been overthrown, and it has become the mainstream view of the academic circles in the pre Qin Dynasty. According to the characteristics of the architectural system, the lexical meaning and the thought concept recorded in the book years, the lower limit and the book of the Yanzi spring and autumn book, the book is linked to the beginning of the spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States. In the background of the times, "Yan Zi spring and Autumn" was regarded as a book in the late spring and Autumn period; the compilers may be the remnant of the Tai Shi in Qi, and the material originates from Qi Shi or Yan Ying's family history. As a statesman, Yan Zi, as a politician, formed a complete idea of governing the country in a long period of administrative practice. In summary, Yan Zi, in summary, was the corresponding virtue, the concept of virtue, the concept of rites, and the concept of scholar. Yan Zi, in terms of his moral concept, was based on the nature and present of human "". In view of the luxurious and indulgence of the Duke of Qi, the author puts forward the idea that "let" is the virtue of "letting" is the moral of the people. In the development and evolution, it has played a role in the past and the following. In terms of the concept of propriety, Yan Zi raised the rites to the same height as the "heaven and earth" to strengthen the rationality and normalization of the rites, break through the tradition of "rites not lower the common people", emphasize the significance of the rites as the people's discipline, and emphasize the significance in maintaining the rank order of the society. It is the significance of emphasizing rites as the principle of political order. Yan Zi's concept of rites is the inheritance of align culture, especially Guan Zhong ritual thought, and the richness and development of the learning of Qi State under the new historical conditions. It is necessary to make an official career, and to orientate the value orientation of the man's life to the "Taoist", and the root of the Tao is based on the people. As a "Minister of the state", the scholar is a "Minister of the state", with Confucius and so on. In the beginning stage of the rising scholar class, he has made an effort to concentrate on an idealistic spirit. The moral of the scholar, the goal of the pursuit of learning is the gentleman, and the scholar should cultivate morality into it. Because Yan Zi pays great attention to individual moral and personality cultivation, and puts forward the famous "harmony but different" theory on the relationship between monarch and Chen, so the concept of "Yan Zi" has its distinctive practical characteristics. The literary value of Yan Zi Chun Qiu is mainly embodied in the two typical characters of Yan Zi and Jing Gong. Yan Zi belongs to the scholar class. The image embodies the cultural personality of the scholar class, which has accumulated in all aspects of the spirit and practice of the later scholars, and lays the basic content of the cultural personality after the rise of the scholar stratum, which is similar to the "source" of the cultural and psychological characteristics of the ancient scholars. The connotation of the literary character of "Yan Zi spring and Autumn" has put on a heavy tragic color. Although the Qi Jing Gong is in the position of Yan Zi's image, "Yan Zi spring and Autumn" not only shows the richness of the image of Jing Gong, but also writes the development and evolution of his character, and in the aesthetic value, it complements with the image of Yan Zi. The image of the Chu Ling king, known as a complex, is not inferior to the image of the Jin Wen Gong, which has a long development of character, and adds a rich monarch to the literary figure Gallery of the pre Qin period.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：I206.2
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本文编号：2004535