汉魏六朝文学绝交主题与士风变迁

发布时间：2018-06-15 09:11

本文选题：绝交 + 汉魏六朝　；参考：《辽宁大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在汉魏六朝这一时期,由于政局更迭,思想多元,人们的思想意识发生了很大的转变,这也自然反映在日常交游及交友心理上,在此时期的文学作品中散布着不少关于绝交的故事及文章。绝交主题的兴盛既是当时激愤执着的士人心态的体现,也是受复杂的政治文化影响而出现的社会现象。早在先秦的著作中就有一些关于交友主题的道德论述,先贤关于交与绝交的思考对后世士人交友观的形成影响极大,儒道对交友的道德论述成为了后世士人心中的交友准则。后至汉魏,政治上推行人才举荐制度,交游之风随之盛行,然而这种以权势利益维系的交往极其脆弱,当政局变更或利益相悖时,往日情谊转眼消逝,史书中不乏此类故事。面对污浊虚伪的世风,一些洁身自好的士人耻于与趋炎附势的群体为伍,甚至以绝交的姿态表明自己的立场,如朱穆、嵇康之类正直之士痛斥趋利士风,其文章成为绝交论的经典之作。以绝交故事来看,士人之间的绝交或对交道的违背,或与交友对象不和,更多的是由于彼此观念的不投,从绝交这种决裂的行为方式最可窥见隐藏在人物心理的深层动机及其产生的时代原因和象征意义。绝交主题与汉魏六朝士风之变迁是本文论述的要点,绝交心态的发展与士风的变迁有着密切的关系。从政治方面看,东汉末年起至南北朝终四百多年间,战乱纷争,时局不稳,士人命运沉浮。当士人身处乱世之中,政局更迭频繁使得政治势力分化,各方势力斗争严重,士人在朝廷中的政治立场也出现对立,因而难免出现故交盟友不得不针锋相对甚至分道扬镳的局面。其次在思想方面,汉魏六朝间儒道思想对士风及士人的精神世界产生重要的影响。儒家强调士人勇于承担社会责任,对政治问题应有一己之见,不能随波逐流,因此不少士人因彼此政治立场或观念不和而断交。同时,儒家也欣赏“狂狷”之士,主张坚持自我操守和独立人格,这与汉魏名士特立独行之行为有不少相通之处。此外,道家对个体本性的张扬、对自由精神的向往以及对功名利禄的鄙视也在精神层面支持着士人坚持自我个性和立场。可见绝交不仅是一种单纯的行为,其中蕴含着深刻的社会原因及心理动机。
[Abstract]:During the period of the Han, Wei and six dynasties, due to the change of political situation and the diversity of ideology, people's ideological consciousness changed greatly, which naturally reflected in the daily making and making friends psychology. In this period of literature, there are many stories and articles about disconnection. The prosperity of the subject of disconnection is not only the embodiment of the fierce and persistent intellectual mentality at that time, but also the social phenomenon influenced by the complicated political culture. As early as in the works of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, there were some moral argumentations on the subject of making friends. The thoughts of the sages on the making and diskeeping of friends had a great influence on the formation of the concept of making friends of the scholars of later generations, and the moral exposition of Confucianism and Taoism on making friends became the criterion of making friends in the hearts of the scholars of later generations. Then to the Han and Wei dynasties, the system of recommending talents was carried out in politics, and the wind of making friends became popular. However, this kind of communication maintained by power interests was extremely fragile. When the political situation changed or interests conflicted, the friendship of the past disappeared in a twinkling of an eye, and there were no shortage of such stories in the history books. In the face of the dirty and hypocritical world style, some self-righteous scholars were ashamed to be associated with groups that tended to inflame themselves, and even expressed their positions in a disconnected manner, such as Zhu Mu and Ji Kang, who lambasted the trend towards Li Scholars. His article has become a classic of the theory of separation of friends. In the story of the separation of friends, the disconnection between scholars or their dealings, or their discord with their friends, is more due to their disbelief in each other's ideas. From the behavior of breaking up, we can see the deep motive hidden in the characters' psychology, the age reason and the symbolic meaning. The theme of separation and the changes of the style of scholars in Han, Wei and six dynasties are the main points of this paper, and the development of the disconnection mentality is closely related to the changes of the style of scholars. From the political point of view, from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Southern and Northern dynasties for more than 400 years, wars and disputes, the situation is unstable, the fate of scholars ups and downs. When the scholars were in turbulent times, the frequent political changes caused the political forces to be divided, and the struggle between the various forces was serious. The political positions of the scholars in the imperial court were also opposed. As a result, it was inevitable that old allies would have to fight tit-for-tat or even part ways. Secondly, in the aspect of thought, Confucianism and Taoism during the Han, Wei and six dynasties had an important influence on the intellectual style and the spiritual world of the scholars. Confucianism stressed that scholars have the courage to assume social responsibility, should have their own views on political issues, can not go with the current, so many scholars because of their political stand or concept of discord and break up. At the same time, the Confucianists also appreciated the "manic" people, and advocated to adhere to their own integrity and independent personality, which had much in common with the maverick behavior of the famous people in the Han and Wei dynasties. In addition, Taoism's publicity of individual nature, yearning for the spirit of freedom and contempt for fame and fortune also support the scholars to adhere to their own personality and stand. It can be seen that disconnection is not only a simple behavior, which contains profound social reasons and psychological motives.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I206.2

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