阿恩海姆审美直觉心理学理论研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 21:17

本文选题：审美直觉 + 格式塔心理学　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：鲁道夫·阿恩海姆是西方现代美学史上著名的格式塔心理学美学家。在他七十多年的学术生涯中,他为美学、艺术心理学、艺术教育、以及新媒体领域都做出了突出的贡献。二十世纪八十年代,由于阿恩海姆在现代西方美学史上的重要地位而引起中国学者的极大兴趣。随着当代中国兴起的第三次“美学热”,阿恩海姆的多部著作被引进中国。阿恩海姆的理论延续了自德国美学家、心理学家费希纳开创的“通过实验心理学方法研究审美现象”的研究方式。他的美学理论通过推理论证审美经验,并凭借格式塔心理学原理和实验方法剖析审美现象,为现代西方美学的发展,开通了一条将思维推理的批判哲学和分析现象经验的心理学方法相结合的美学研究道路。国内对阿恩海姆的美学理论多从审美知觉、艺术构成、创造性思维等角度进行研究,虽然取得了丰富的成果,但是还缺乏对阿恩海姆整个审美直觉理论体系的结构性梳理。鉴于此,本文将以阿恩海姆的《艺术与视知觉》、《视觉思维——审美直觉心理学》、《审美心理学新论》等相关文本为基础,对阿恩海姆的审美直觉心理学理论的整体结构和关键环节等问题进行阐释。全文除序言外分三部分。第一部分主要研究视知觉在审美活动中的功能,以及在审美直觉中,视知觉的活动方式和关键环节。在视知觉活动的研究中,阿恩海姆通过批判传统观念对视知觉的错误认识,揭示出视知觉具有与思维相同的功能。眼睛是人类观看外部世界的唯一途径,但是传统理论认为,视知觉只能获得感性经验,并交由大脑处理来完成对事物的认识。在这里阿恩海姆重新阐释了视知觉在认识活动中的作用,并且进一步揭示了视知觉本身具有处理问题的能力。视知觉对问题的处理能力,从浅层来看,它可以对事物突出特点的把握来达成对事物全貌的把握,并且能够在观察到难以识别的形状时,通过调整眼球自身达到可以对模糊形状识别的状态;从深层次来看,视知觉具有对事物的知觉式样进行改造的能力,这就是视知觉的格式塔倾向。通过这个能力,视知觉可以将不稳定的形式重新进行组织,改造成更适合识别的状态。从对视知觉的格式塔倾向的研究,阿恩海姆又进一步揭示出艺术品本身也服从着相同的组织规律。在对视知觉与艺术品的组织规律的阐释中,阿恩海姆运用格式塔心理学的“力”、“场”、“异质同构”等理论进一步阐释了视知觉在直觉活动中怎样完成对艺术品美感的获得以及审美情感产生的内在原因。第二部分主要研究审美直觉活动中的意象。阿恩海姆通过对视知觉的活动方式以及美感发生机理的研究,进一步确立了意象在审美活动中的地位。阿恩海姆在视知觉的研究中得出了这样的结论:视知觉与思维是通过意象进行连接的,并且任何思维活动都包含着意象。从古希腊到近代,“意象”始终是审美领域的重要范畴。阿恩海姆结合格式塔心理学理论发现了相关理论的不足。阿恩海姆认为:自德谟克利特学派开始,“意象”始终被认为是观察对象在心理中生成的对应物,它是对观察对象完整的复制。而阿恩海姆通过对视知觉的组织能力的研究发现事实并非如此。意象是视知觉在事物的表象上进行抽象产生的结果,它并非对事物忠实完整的复制,而是视知觉对事物本质结构的把握。意象在思维中具有三种功能,分别是“绘画”、“符号”和“记号”。这三种功能分别代表了感性形象在思维中由高到低的三种抽象程度。阿恩海姆结合思维在不同抽象程度上的活动方式,进一步揭示了意象在创造性思维中的功能和作用。第三部分研究“意象”的生发机制,也就是视知觉的“抽象”能力。阿恩海姆通过“抽象”来论证意象的产生方式,有其深刻的历史原因。20世纪西方美学从沃林格之后,众多学派阐发了他们对“抽象”的研究。阿恩海姆在批判继承其他学派的审美抽象理论以及科学抽象理论的基础上,提出了他的抽象方法。他在《视觉思维》中批判了其他学派将“抽象”与“具体”对立起来的观念,并认为抽象活动并不能通过“概括”来完成。他通过对视知觉自身能力的分析,创造性的揭示了通过视知觉在事物表象上直接进行“抽象”的规律,并通过这种揭示将感性认识与理性认识作了统一的理解。在此基础上,阿恩海姆认为:任何理性活动都需要以感性的知觉活动为基础,并且视知觉可以直接达成对本质的把握。以此为依据,他批判了一些美学学派和艺术理论将“抽象”等同于脱离本质的弊端。阿恩海姆的审美直觉心理学理论从经验实证和逻辑思辨的角度,阐明了直觉与理性是人类认识活动中不可分割的两个组成部分;揭示了知觉与思维在认识活动中协调合作的方式;指出了直觉并不是非理性、不可靠的认识方法;纠正了自古希腊以来将知觉与思维割裂、把知觉视作比思维低等片面性的看法。阿恩海姆通过对直觉深入的研究,一定程度上缓和了思辨美学和经验实证美学的分歧,为推进现代西方美学的发展做出了突出的贡献。
[Abstract]:Rudolf Arnheim is a famous Gestalt psychology aesthecio in the history of modern western aesthetics. During his more than 70 years' academic career, he made outstanding contributions to the fields of aesthetics, art psychology, art education and new media. In 1980s, Arne Heim was important in the history of modern western aesthetics. As a result of the great interest of Chinese scholars, with the rise of the third "aesthetic heat" of contemporary China, many of Arne Heim's works have been introduced to China. Arne Heim's theory extends the study of "the study of aesthetic phenomena through experimental psychological methods" created by the German aesthetical and psychologist Fechner. His aesthetic theory Through reasoning and reasoning the aesthetic experience, and using the Gestalt psychology principle and experimental method to analyze the aesthetic phenomenon, and for the development of modern western aesthetics, it opens a way of aesthetic study which combines the critical philosophy of thinking reasoning with the psychological method of analyzing the phenomenon experience. The aesthetic theory of Arne Heim is more aesthetic perception in the country, The study of artistic composition and creative thinking has made a lot of achievements, but there is no structural combing of the whole aesthetic intuition system of Arne Heim. In view of this, this article will take Arne Heim's "art and visual perception", "visual thinking", "aesthetic intuition psychology >", "aesthetic psychology new theory" and other related texts. On the basis of this, the whole structure and key links of Arne Heim's aesthetic intuition psychology theory are explained. The full text is divided into three parts except preface. The first part mainly studies the function of visual perception in aesthetic activities, and the way and key link of visual perception in aesthetic intuition. By criticizing the wrong perception of visual perception by criticizing the traditional ideas, it reveals that visual perception has the same function as thinking. The eye is the only way for human to watch the external world. However, the traditional theory holds that perception can only gain perceptual experience and the brain is treated to complete the understanding of things. Here Arne Heim explains again. It explains the role of visual perception in cognitive activities, and further reveals the ability of visual perception to deal with problems. The ability to handle problems by visual perception, from the shallow level, can grasp the outstanding features of things to achieve the full picture of things, and can adjust their eyes when they observe the difficult shape. The ball itself reaches the state that can be recognized by the fuzzy shape; from the deep point of view, the visual perception has the ability to transform the perceptual pattern of the thing, which is the tendency of the gestalt of visual perception. Through this ability, the visual perception can reorganize the unstable form and transform it into a more suitable state. From the lattice of visual perception. In the study of the tendencies of the type tower, Arnheim further reveals that the art itself also obeys the same rules of organization. In the interpretation of the organizational laws of visual perception and art, Arne Heim uses the theory of Gestalt psychology, "force", "field", "heterogeneous isomorphism" and so on to explain how visual perception is finished in intuition. The second part mainly studies the imagery in aesthetic intuition. Through the study of the activity mode of visual perception and the mechanism of aesthetic perception, Arne Heim has further established the position of image in aesthetic activities. Arne Heim has drawn a conclusion in the study of visual perception. It is concluded that visual perception and thinking are connected through images, and any thinking activity contains images. From ancient Greece to modern times, "image" was always an important category in the field of aesthetics. Arne Heim combined Gestalt psychology theory to find the insufficiency of relevant theories. Arnheim thought that the democratic school of democracy was from the Democratic Republic of democracy. In the beginning, "image" is always considered to be the counterpart of the object in the mind, which is a complete copy of the object of observation. And Arne Heim, through a study of the organizational ability of visual perception, finds that this is not the case. The image is the result of the abstraction of the perception on the image of the object. It is not faithful and complete to the object. Copying, but the understanding of the essential structure of things, has three functions in thinking, namely, "painting", "symbol" and "mark". These three functions represent the three abstractions of the perceptual image from high to low in the thinking. The step reveals the function and function of image in creative thinking. The third part studies the generating mechanism of "image", which is the "abstract" ability of visual perception. Arne Heim demonstrates the way of creating images through "abstract", and has its profound historical reasons. After the.20 century western beauty studies from Wallinger, many schools elucidated them. On the basis of the aesthetic abstract theory and scientific abstract theory of other schools, Arne Heim puts forward his abstract method. In the visual thinking, he criticizes the idea that other schools oppose "abstract" and "concrete", and that abstract activity can not be "summarized". Through the analysis of the ability of visual perception, he creatively reveals the law of "abstracting" through visual perception in the representation of things, and through this revelation makes a unified understanding of perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge. On this basis, Arnheim believes that any rational activity needs perceptual perceptual activity. Based on this, he criticizes some aesthetic schools and artistic theories that equate "abstraction" with the abuses of being divorced from nature. Arne Heim's aesthetic intuition psychology theory illustrates that intuition and reason are human cognitive activities from the perspective of empirical and logical thinking. The inseparable two components; reveal the way of coordination and cooperation between perception and thinking in cognitive activities; point out that intuition is not irrational and unreliable method of understanding; it corrects the view that perception and thinking have been separated from ancient Greece, and perception is regarded as lower than thinking. Arne Heim is deeply researched by intuition. To a certain extent, the difference between speculative aesthetics and empirical aesthetics has been alleviated, which has made outstanding contributions to the development of modern western aesthetics.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B83-02

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