卢卡契现实主义文论及其对中国的影响

发布时间：2019-04-22 09:03

【摘要】：西方马克思主义奠基者,匈牙利著名哲学家、美学家、文学批评家——卢卡契之哲学思想及其所倡导的文学、美学、哲学理论于意识形态领域产生不可忽视的巨大影响及波澜。文章于结合卢卡契生平著述、观点主张、理念传播之基础上,梳理其基本哲学思想主张及美学、文学理论创见。阐明其卓越思想之际,为中国今日仍盛行的卢卡契思想研究热潮提供内容上的佐证及材料研究上的学理性凭证。《历史与阶级意识》一书中,卢卡契对“总体性”的强调及对支离破碎的表象之否定,突显出其以辩证地、联系地、全面地分析、看待问题的马克思主义辩证唯物主义态度。这为他提出“伟大的现实主义”的创作理论奠定坚实基础。而其对“人道主义”的推崇、反抗物化的执着、人的完整性的维护等开启了西方马克思主义研究新理念;此外,《审美特性》等其它理论专著中对于选择、反映、模仿等范畴的相互关系的注重,既开阔了模仿理论的适用范围,又丰富了马克思主义美学体系,为意识反作用于物质增添能动效力。此外,就卢卡契对马克思主义唯物辩证法的研究而言,凭借其对《资本论》的掌握及对黑格尔等关于“异化”问题的理解、推演,公开反抗物化对“人的完整性的侵蚀”,抵制人性的扭曲、关心人的尊严及价值。建构批判的现实主义以反抗物化之际,以改良主义的态度恢复“完整的人性”。卢卡契其“伟大的现实主义”文论思想的衍发综合了内、外多方面因素。一方面,既有古希腊美学思想中“模仿——再现”传统的影响,又有十九世纪现实主义文艺思潮的熏染;另一方面,不无其自幼饱读诗书,成年后又与同时期思想名家交流,得积极进步新思想浸润的缘故。多种内、外因综合因素作用、影响下,卢卡契提出了客观地、全面地、具倾向性地真实反映现实的理论思想。在同布洛赫、布莱希特等支持并为表现主义进行辩护的理论家们论争过程中,充实并完善了其倡导的以“总体性”为核心的现实主义文学理论模式。进一步提出,文学需不断发展、创新、更具人民性、现实性、客观真实性……卢卡契的现实主义文学理论对以社会主义现实主义为基本文艺政策的中国产生极大影响。早在二十世纪三十年代,“左联”等现实主义文学思想倡导者们即注重对其以“伟大的现实主义”为核心的现实主义文学理论思想的译介、传播及其具体、实际应用,于“为人生而艺术”的现实主义作家群体之中产生巨大影响;其对以表现主义为代表的现代主义艺术的否定,在中国文学界同样引发了“现实主义与反现实主义”论争巨大波澜,深化了中国学界对文学创作方法的辩证性思维与态度。随着“思想解放”的八十年代的到来,卢氏的“总体性”、审美特性、反抗物化、人道主义的宣扬等对“伟大现实主义”的坚守与推崇的思想,不仅为我国文学流派转型提供重要参考,更为我国文学创作及文艺思想提供理论上的指导与学历上的准则,促进了马克思主义文学、美学、哲学等于中国辩证、全面地发展。
[Abstract]:The founder of western Marxism, the famous philosopher of Hungary, the aesthetician, the literary critic, the philosophy of Lukart and the literature, the aesthetics and the philosophy of philosophy that have been advocated in the field of ideology have the great influence and the wave that can't be ignored in the field of ideology. On the basis of the author's life, point of view and the dissemination of the idea, the article combs its basic philosophical ideas and aesthetics, and the literary theory is created. On the occasion of its excellent thought, it is the proof of the research upsurge of the Lukchi thought which still prevailed in China today, and the study of material research. In the book of history and class consciousness, the emphasis of Lukart on the "general" and the negation of the broken image show that it is a dialectical, contact, comprehensive analysis and the view of the dialectical materialism of the problem. This provides a solid foundation for his "great realism" 's creative theory. However, it has opened the new concept of western Marxism research, such as the respect of the "humanitarianism", the persistence of resistance to physical and chemical, the maintenance of human's integrity, etc., and the emphasis on the relationship between choice, reflection, imitation and so on in other theoretical monographs, such as the aesthetic characteristic, etc. It not only broadens the scope of application of the imitation theory, but also enriches the Marxist aesthetic system and adds the active effect of the consciousness to the substance. In addition, with respect to the research of the Marxist materialist dialectics, Lukchi, with its grasp of the "Capital Theory" and the understanding and deduction of Hegel's questions about the "dissimilation", has developed, disclosed the resistance to the physical and chemical to the "erosion of human integrity", resisted the distortion of the human nature, and concerned the human dignity and value. To build a critical realism to resist materialization, the "complete humanity" should be restored in an improved manner. Lukart's great realism "the development of the thought of the literary theory has integrated the internal and external factors. On the one hand, it is not only the traditional influence of the "imitation _ reproduction" in the ancient Greek aesthetics, but also the development of the literature and art in the 19th century; on the other hand, it is not free to read the Book of Songs from the young, but also to communicate with the famous family in the same period, so as to make a positive progress in the infiltration of the new thought. In a variety of internal and external factors, under the influence of the influence of the comprehensive factors, Lukchi put forward the theory thought that objectively, comprehensively and positively reflects the reality. In the course of the debate of the theorists who support and defend the expressionism with the support of Bloch, Brecht, etc., the author has enriched and perfected the theoretical model of the realistic literature, which is the core of the "general". Further, the literature needs to be constantly developed, innovative, more people-oriented, realistic and objective. Luca's realistic literature theory has a great impact on China's basic literary and artistic policies. As early as the 1930 's, the "Left-link" and other realistic literary and ideological advocates pay attention to the translation, dissemination and concrete and practical application of the realistic literary theory thought which is the core of the "great realism", which has a great impact on the "art for life"' s realistic writer group; The negation of the modernism art, represented by the expressionism, has also caused a great wave of "Realism and Realism" in the Chinese literary world, and deepened the dialectical thinking and attitude of the Chinese academic circle on the method of literary creation. With the arrival of the "ideological emancipation" 's 1980' s, the "general" 's "great realism", the aesthetic character, the resistance to the materialization and the promotion of humanitarianism, etc., have not only provided an important reference for the transformation of Chinese literature school, The more Chinese literary creation and the theory of literature and art provide the theoretical guidance and educational background, and promoted the Marxist literature, the aesthetics and the philosophy to be equal to the Chinese dialectical and comprehensive development.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I0

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