论德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的社会悲剧

发布时间：2018-01-04 03:19

本文关键词：论德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的社会悲剧　出处：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：西奥多·德莱塞是20世纪美国文学史上最伟大的作家之一,他的小说打破了以往文学作品中的儒雅传统,真实地反映了美国现代社会中的丑陋现象,如贫困、失业、饥饿和贫富悬殊等现象,展现给读者一个物欲至上的拜金主义世界。《嘉莉妹妹》是他的代表作之一,该小说一出版就引起社会各界的广泛争议,甚至因为其太过真实的描写一度遭到出版商的拒绝。在该小说中,德莱塞塑造了一系列悲剧人物,意在通过小说中人物的悲剧来表达他对美国社会的悲观主义态度。除序论和结语外,论文由三个章节组成。第一章主要介绍了德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》这部小说的理论依据以及这些理论对德莱塞在小说中悲观主义态度的影响。本章共分三小节：第一节讨论了现实主义对德莱塞的影响,现实主义主张还原生活的真实面貌,要求真实的人物,真实的场景,以及真实的事件。德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》时遵循了这一现实主义的创作原则,作者以姐姐爱玛的真实故事为蓝本,以自己成长经历及后来的工作中亲身所见所闻为素材,在小说中真实地反映了19世纪末20世纪初美国当时社会生活的悲惨情景并力求探求其原因及本质。第二节讨论了社会达尔文主义对德莱塞的影响。斯宾塞最先将达尔文主义应用到人类社会,认为自然淘汰在人类的进化、发展上起着重要的作用,并提出“适者生存”的理念。在《嘉莉妹妹》中,德莱塞将这一理论用来解释美国资本主义社会中弱肉强食的现象。第三节讨论了自然主义对德莱塞的影响,自然主义强调遗传和环境的作用,是一种生物决定论或机械决定论。人的行为完全受本能或欲望等遗传因素及环境外力的控制,因而无法掌控自己的命运,其本身就是一种悲剧。在小说中,嘉莉和赫斯特伍德的悲剧命运正是环境外力及其自身对欲望的追逐双重作用下所产生的必然结果。第二章主要介绍了美国当时的社会因素在小说《嘉莉妹妹》中的体现。论文作者分别从美国工业化及城市化的影响、消费主义的盛行及美国梦的幻灭三个方面分析了小说的社会环境。由于工业化及城市化的影响,城市大量出现并得到快速发展,农村人口大量涌入城市,出现严重的贫富不均,加深了社会阶级矛盾；同时,随着经济的高度发展,消费主义盛行,人们的价值观发生了急剧的变化,美国逐渐变为一个金钱至上、物欲横流的社会；而最初带有积极意义的美国梦也丧失了其原本的内涵。由于过度强调物质财富在人生中的意义,很多人心中最初的美国梦逐渐破灭。论文指出正是这些不良社会因素的存在,在极大程度上造成了小说中人物悲剧命运的发生。第三章为小说中两个主要人物悲剧命运的分析。本论文对嘉莉的悲剧命运主要从其永无休止的欲望、身份的迷失、以及生命的无意义三个方面进行分析；而赫斯特伍德的悲剧则主要体现在两个方面：一是其对权力和控制的欲望,二是否认失去及对环境的不适应。前者导致其丧失了原本富足安逸的生活,而后者则使其成为“适者生存”这一法则的牺牲品,最终落得个自杀身亡的悲惨结局。论文最后一部分是结论。论文指出：德莱塞深刻细致的人物描写真实地刻画了当时美国工业化社会中人们的悲剧命运,反映了他对美国资本主义社会的悲观主义态度。德莱塞在小说中展示的对人生的无助以及对当时美国人民生存困境的思索具有极大的普遍性,对当今的美国社会以及整个人类社会同样具有启迪意义。认真阅读这部美国作品将会引导读者重新思索一些有关人类社会、人文价值观等方面的重大课题,在当代仍具有一定的教育启迪意义。
[Abstract]:Theodore Dreiser is one of the greatest writers in the twentieth Century American literature. His novels broke the genteel tradition of previous literary works, a true reflection of the ugly phenomenon in modern American society such as poverty, unemployment, hunger and disparity between the rich and the poor, shows the readers a materialistic and money oriented world. Sister Carrie. Is one of his masterpieces, the novel publishing has aroused widespread controversy, even because it is too real description once of rejection. In the novel, Dreiser created a series of tragic figures, intended by the tragedy of the characters in the novel to express his pessimistic attitude of American society.
Besides the preface and conclusion, the thesis consists of three chapters.
The first chapter mainly introduces the theoretical basis of the novel creation of Dreiser < > Sister Carrie and the influences of these theories on Dreiser in the novel "pessimistic attitude. This chapter is divided into three sections: the first section discusses the influence of Dreiser's realism, realism reducing life truly requires real characters, the real scene, and real events. The principle of the creation of Dreiser" creation of Sister Carrie > follow the realism, the author in the true story of sister Emma was modeled with their own growth experience and the later work personally for what one sees and hears a true reflection of the material, at the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century was a tragic scene the social life seek the cause and nature in the novel. The second section discusses the influence of social Darwinism on Dreiser. Spencer will be the first application of Darwinism To the human society, thinks that natural selection in human evolution, plays an important role in the development, and put forward the concept of "survival of the fittest". In "Sister Carrie", Dreiser used this theory to explain the law of the jungle in capitalist society. The third section discusses the influence of Dreiser's naturalism, naturalism emphasizes genetic and the role of the environment, is a kind of biological determinism or mechanical determinism. Human behavior completely controlled by hereditary factors such as instinct and desire and external environment, and therefore can not control their own destiny, which in itself is a tragedy. In the novel, Carrie and Hearst Wood's tragic fate is inevitable result external environmental forces and their desire to pursue the dual role.
The second chapter mainly introduces the social factors of the embodied in the novel < > in Sister Carrie. The author of this paper respectively from the influence of American industrialization and the city, the three aspects of consumerism and the disillusionment of the American dream of the novel social environment. Because of the influence of industrialization and urbanization, and the emergence of a large number of city the rapid development of the large rural population into the city, appear serious inequality, deepened the social class contradictions; at the same time, with the development of economy, consumerism, people's values have changed dramatically, the United States gradually become the first as a money, materialistic society; and the first with a positive meaning of the United States dream also lost its original meaning. Because of excessive emphasis on the significance of material wealth in life, the original American dream of many people gradually shattered. It is pointed out that these papers The existence of good social factors has caused the tragic fate of the characters in the novel to a great extent.
The third chapter is the analysis of the two main characters in the novel the tragic fate. The tragic fate of Carrie mainly from its insatiable desire, the loss of identity, and life is meaningless in three aspects of analysis; and Hearst Wood's tragedy is mainly embodied in two aspects: one is the power and control the two is not to deny the desire, and lost to the environment. The former leads to the loss of the original rich and comfortable life, and the latter to fall victim to the "survival of the fittest" of the law, resulting in a tragic ending Dutch act dead.
The last part is the conclusion. The paper points out that Dreiser profound portrayal of real conditions of the people at the time of American industrialization society tragedy destiny, reflects his pessimistic attitude toward American capitalist society. Dreiser showed in the novels about life and the American people think helpless predicament is universal great, also has the enlightenment for Contemporary American society and the whole human society. Read this American novel will guide the readers to reconsider some of the human society, humanistic value view etc. the major issue in the contemporary, still has a certain degree of education enlightenment.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

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