情感异化理论观照下的《一九八四》

发布时间：2018-02-28 19:24

本文关键词： 乔治·奥威尔《一九八四》情感异化　出处：《河南大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：乔治·奥威尔因其讽刺辛辣、思想深刻的政治寓言类小说而独树一帜。鉴于对文学与政治所作出的巨大贡献，他被称为“一代人的冷峻良知”。1950年出版的《一九八四》是奥威尔最杰出的代表作之一，一经出版便成为当时社会各界热议的焦点，与英国赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》（1932）以及俄国扎米亚京的《我们》（1920）并称为“反乌托邦三部曲”，是一部使奥威尔蜚声国际的巅峰之作。《一九八四》是政治小说文学的经典代表作，国内外众多学者及文学评论家已从政治学、语言学、存在主义、女性主义等多个不同角度评析了这部小说。在这部政治寓言中，作者有意为世人展现了一个逼真的未来极权主义世界。毫无疑问，身处这个人性与自由均缺失的反常环境中，人的任何追寻与抗争注定都会以失败告终。然而，以前的研究仅描述了在极权环境下人们的各种异常行为，并未对诸般异常状态进行归类，也未指出导致这些异常现象的根本原因和形成过程，以及人类自我救赎的可能性和出路。“新弗洛伊德主义”精神分析心理学派最重要的理论家、法兰克福学派的重要成员之一的德国精神病学家埃利希·弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析学中的“情感异化”理论恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文即是藉情感异化理论梳理、归类小说《一九八四》中人性异化的形式，探究其成因，并在一定程度上指出防止异化的可能的途径。全文共五个部分，即引言、三章正文和结论。引言介绍了奥威尔的文学成就和小说《一九八四》以及国内外对该作品的研究和评论，进而点明本文的研究意义：以弗洛姆的情感异化理论为观察视角，分析大洋国专制社会中其社会成员的各种病态表现，揭示引发这类异化现象的根本原因，并着力探寻摆脱悲剧的途径。第一章是本文的理论基础，详细阐述了弗洛姆的情感异化理论。弗洛姆终身致力于将马克思主义的社会分析与弗洛伊德的心理分析相结合，创造了“人本主义心理分析学”。在此基础上，发展出情感异化理论。该理论指出，人性的缺失或实现与所处的社会的状态密不可分。不健全的社会使人们无法进行“爱和创造性的工作”，失去了与世界建立积极联系的能力，造成个人逃避自由的心理机制，最后导致人们情感的异化。情感异化也是暴力、战争等一切罪恶产生的根源。第二章梳理《一九八四》中情感异化的形式。弗洛姆认为，情感异化的形式存在以下三种：“恋死”，一种对死亡、毁灭的爱；“恶性自恋”，无视客观的过度的自我膨胀；“共生性乱伦”，一种恋母情结的极端形式，渴望完全地失去自我。第一节列举了其各阶层社会成员带有“恋死”倾向的行为表现；第二节描绘了大洋国中党的“恶性自恋”的疯狂状态；第三节揭示了党和反抗者之间存在着的“共生性乱伦”关系。三种形式纠结在一起，便衍生出“社会衰亡症”，这是大洋国中一切恶产生的源头。第三章探究《一九八四》中情感异化的原因。弗洛姆认为，如果情感一方面处于“生存两歧”的挤压中，一方面又遭遇“社会过滤器”的限制，自然难成为其自身，异化是必然结局。小说里，人们为摆脱成长中的孤独感而自动选择逃避自由。同时，，在极端压抑的大洋国社会中，党通过“新话”、“双重思想”和“思想罪”三种过滤手段，按照极权意志发挥着“社会过滤器”对社会意识的限制作用。故此，人们无法拥有正常的意识，不具备摆脱情感异化的能力。基于以上分析和讨论，结论部分指出：人类的生存和发展并不孤立，而是与其所处的社会环境息息相关，整个社会的文化、经济、政治等各方面的发展会对个人情感的塑造产生决定性影响。健全的社会可以为“爱和创造性的工作”的实现提供前提，为个体摆脱孤独、避免情感异化创造可能。这是抑制现实中各种罪恶行为、避免人性悲剧发生的关键所在，即有效防止个体及社会被异化的途径。推而广之，实际上，解析《一九八四》中人在病态社会中的行为和精神状态，探寻人的内在发展和追求，对当今社会也具有一定的现实意义。
[Abstract]:George Orwell because of its ideological and political satire, allegory fiction deeply and become an independent school. Given the great contribution to the literature and politics, he was known as "the solemn conscience of a generation".1950 published < 1984 > is one of Orwell's most outstanding representative, the publication became the focus of the community at that time hot, with the British Huxley "beautiful new world" (1932) and Russian Zamyatin (1920) > > we are called "anti Utopian Trilogy", Orwell is a world-renowned pinnacle.
< 1984 > is a classic of political fiction, many domestic and foreign scholars and literary critics from political science, linguistics, existentialism, feminism and other different aspects of the novel. In this political allegory, the author intends to show the world a vivid future totalitarian world. No in this question, the abnormal environment lacking both humanity and freedom, any human pursuit and struggles is doomed to fail. However, previous studies only described in the totalitarian environment of people of various abnormal behavior, not all of the abnormal state are classified, nor pointed out that the fundamental reason causing these abnormal phenomena and the formation process, as well as the possibility and way of human self salvation. "Freud doctrine" of psychoanalysis psychology most important theorist, an important member of the Frankfurt school. The theory of emotional alienation in Ehrlich Fromm's humanistic psychoanalysis is a theoretical support for this research.
This paper is based on the theory of emotional alienation, sorting out the form of alienation of human nature in the novel < 1984 >, exploring its causes, and pointing out some possible ways to prevent alienation to a certain extent. The full text has five parts, namely, the introduction, the three chapters, the main body and the conclusion.
The introduction introduces Orwell's literary achievements and the novel < 1984 > as well as the domestic and foreign research and comments about the work, and then points out the significance of this research: Fromm's emotional alienation theory perspective, analysis of various disease states the members of the society of Oceania autocratic society, reveals the root causes of the alienation phenomenon, and strive to explore the way to get rid of the tragedy.
The first chapter is the theoretical basis of this paper, elaborates Fromm's emotional alienation theory. Fromm devotes his whole life to the psychological analysis of the social analysis of the Marx doctrine and the Freud combination created a "Humanistic psychoanalysis". On this basis, the development of the emotional alienation theory. The theory points out that the lack of human nature or the realization of the state and society are inseparable. Imperfect social deprives people of the "love and creative work", and the world lost the ability to establish a positive link, causing the individual to escape the psychological mechanism of freedom, finally lead to the alienation of people's feelings. Feelings of alienation is a root of all evil, violence, War produced.
The second chapter is the emotional alienation in the form of < 1984 >. Fromm believes that the emotional alienation exists in the form of the following three types: "love death", a kind of death, destruction of love; "malignant narcissism", ignore the objective of excessive self expansion; "incestuous symbiosis", an extreme form of the Oedipus complex the desire to completely lose yourself. The first section introduces the behavior of all sectors of the community members "loveof death"; the second section describes the Oceania "malignant narcissism" of the party's madness; the third section reveals the resistance between the party and the existing in the relationship of "incestuous symbiosis". Three form together, arises the "social decay disease", this is the source of all evil Oceania.
The third chapter explores the causes of emotional alienation in < 1984 >. Fromm believes that if the emotion is in a "squeeze the dichotomy of survival", on the one hand and limited by "social filter", to become its own nature, alienation is the inevitable outcome. In the novel, people get rid of loneliness and growth in the automatic selection escape from freedom. At the same time, Oceania in extreme repression in the party through the "new words", "doublethink" and "thought crimes" three kinds of filtering method, in accordance with the totalitarian will play a limited role in social filter on social consciousness. Therefore, people can not have a normal consciousness, do not have the ability get rid of emotional alienation.
Based on the above analysis and discussion, the conclusion points out that: the survival and development of human beings is not isolated, but is closely related with the social environment, the social culture, economic development, political aspects such as a decisive impact on shaping the personal emotions. Provide the premise of perfect society for "love and creative work", for the individual to get rid of loneliness, avoid emotional alienation may create. This inhibition is the reality of various crimes, a key to avoid the tragedy of human nature, which can effectively prevent the alienation of individual and social way. By extension, in fact, analytic < 1984 > in human behavior and mental state in a morbid society, to explore the inner the development of people and the pursuit of, also has some practical significance in today's society.

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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