《美妙的新世界》与功利社会

发布时间：2018-03-01 10:48

本文关键词： 《美妙的新世界》功利主义趋利避害　出处：《武汉理工大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：《美妙的新世界》是法国作家阿道司·赫胥黎的代表作之一,是二十世纪最经典的反乌托邦文学之一,在国内外思想界影响深远。本文将从文学伦理的角度来解读《美妙的新世界》中所体现的伦理道德思想,具体的运用功利主义的相关原则对文本进行细致分析,并以此为基础,反思功利主义对现代社会的影响。自从边沁系统地提出功利主义学说开始,有一大批学者分别从不同方面阐发并发展了边沁的功利主义思想。为了避免理论基础的错杂,本文只选用了以边沁和密尔为代表的古典功利主义思想对文本进行分析。古典功利主义在伦理方面,强调人的趋乐避苦的自然天性,把“功利”当作道德基础的信条主张,行为的对错根据其是否增进幸福或造成不幸来判定。边沁主张幸福或快乐是同质的,但是密尔对此做了修正,认为快乐有高低之分,理智的快乐、感情和想象的快乐以及道德情感的快乐所具有的价值要远高于单纯感官的快乐。本文除绪论与结论部分之外,全文共分为四章,核心部分为第三章和第四章。第一章分别介绍了边沁与密尔的功利主义观点；虽然密尔是边沁强有力的支持者,但是对边沁的功利主义思想也做了部分修正。第二章介绍了《美妙的新世界》的相关背景和大致情节。第三章共分为三个小部分,第一部分分析了新世界的特点,从功利主义趋利避害的原则指出,新世界的各种措施均是为了保证人们的幸福；第二部分分别分析了新世界中的四个主要人物：琳达、列宁娜、伯纳和赫姆霍尔兹的特性特点,从功利主义的原则分别对其作了细致分析；第三部分分析了“保留地”的野蛮人约翰的个性特点,从密尔对快乐的区分指出,约翰更注重对精神快乐的追求；第四部分分析了约翰与新世界的冲突,指出新世界的条件设定导致人们只注重物质层面的快乐,而约翰却注重精神世界的构建,从而引发了各种各样的冲突。第四章分析了功利主义给中国现代社会政治、经济等方面的启示,并指出在功利社会时代,人们在追求合理物质享受的同时,也应该注重精神层面的建设。结论部分指出,新世界里的人们享受着科技带来的各种物质享受,却未必是真正的幸福,被称为野蛮人的约翰,在精神层面的追求,值得推崇。尽管现代社会人们在物欲横流的世界里逐渐迷失,但是精神的追求,会成为一个真正和谐美丽的新世界的灵魂。
[Abstract]:Wonderful New World is one of the masterpieces of French writer Aldous Huxley and one of the most classic dystopian literature in 20th century. This article will interpret the ethical thought embodied in the wonderful New World from the perspective of literary ethics, and make a detailed analysis of the text by using the relevant principles of utilitarianism, and on this basis, Reflect on the influence of utilitarianism on modern society. Since Bentham put forward utilitarianism theory systematically, a large number of scholars have elucidated and developed Bentham's utilitarian thought from different aspects. This paper only chooses Bentham and Mill as the representative of classical utilitarianism to analyze the text. In ethics, classical utilitarianism emphasizes the natural nature of people seeking pleasure and avoiding suffering, and regards "utility" as the creed of moral basis. The right or wrong of the behavior is judged by whether it promotes happiness or causes misfortune. Bentham argues that happiness or happiness is homogenous, but Mill modifies it, arguing that there is a difference between happiness and rational happiness. The happiness of emotion and imagination and the joy of moral emotion are much more valuable than those of pure senses. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into four chapters, the core of which is chapter three and chapter 4th. Chapter one introduces Bentham and Mill's utilitarian viewpoints respectively, although Mill is a strong supporter of Bentham. But Bentham's utilitarian thought is partly revised. The second chapter introduces the background and the general plot of the wonderful New World. The third chapter is divided into three parts, the first part analyzes the characteristics of the New World. It is pointed out from the principle of utilitarianism that all kinds of measures in the new world are to ensure people's happiness. The second part analyzes the characteristics of the four main characters in the new world: Linda, Lenina, Bernard and Hermholtz. The third part analyzes the personality characteristics of the barbarian "reserve land" and points out from Mill's distinction of happiness that John pays more attention to the pursuit of spiritual happiness. The 4th part analyzes the conflict between John and the new world, and points out that the conditions of the new world lead people to pay attention only to the happiness on the material level, while John pays attention to the construction of the spiritual world. Chapter 4th analyzes the enlightenment of utilitarianism to China's modern society, politics and economy, and points out that in the era of utilitarian society, people are pursuing reasonable material enjoyment at the same time. Should also pay attention to the spiritual level of construction. The conclusion points out that the people of the new world enjoy the various material pleasures of technology, but not necessarily the true happiness. John, known as the Barbarian, pursues in the spiritual level. Although people in modern society are gradually lost in the world of material desire, the pursuit of spirit will become the soul of a truly harmonious and beautiful new world.
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I565.074

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