杰克伦敦的两部动物小说的生态主义解读

发布时间：2018-03-26 14:14

本文选题：生态批评　切入点：反人类中心主义　出处：《河北师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)，美国小说家。生于旧金山，他来自“占全国人口十分之一的贫困不堪的底层阶级”，在一个既无固定职业又无固定居所的家庭中长大。是美国著名的现实主义作家。美国传记小说家伊尔文·斯通称他是美国无产阶级文学之父。他的作品不仅在美国本土广泛流传，而且受到世界各国人民的欢迎。他在现代美国文学和世界文学都享有崇高地位。他的作品独树一帜，充满筋肉暴突的生活和阳刚之气，最受男子汉的欢迎。他的作品则属于全体读者，不但普通读者欢迎，就是大家闺秀们也喜欢放下窗帘关上大门偷偷去品味他那精力旺盛、气势逼人的作品。火一样的性格——杰克·伦敦就是这样的性格。他血管里有火，生气勃勃，一身丈夫气，喜欢粗犷强烈的生活，他喜欢叱咤风云，每每参加斗争常要斗争到极限。他把冒险里的困难当做享受，把拓荒中的遭遇当作欢乐。杰克·伦敦在世界文坛享有很高的声誉。他的很多作品在国内外都广受欢迎。在我国，，许多读者对伦敦的作品尤其是两部动物小说《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》都很熟悉。到目前为止，我国对于伦敦这两部动物小说的研究大多是对其内容、主题及写作方法的介绍和评议。也有一部分批评家从自然主义的角度来解读这两部动物小说，分别阐述环境和遗传对动物的影响。然而笔者认为，在生态批评的背景下研读这两部动物小说，可以发现作品蕴涵了丰富的生态思想。从二十世纪六十年代开始，接踵出现的一系列环境问题迫使人类对人与自然之间的关系作重新思考和重新定位。鉴十自然科学技术的局限性，文学批评家希望借助包括哲学和人类学等在内的社会科学和人文科学来解决危机，从而实现生态系统的良性循环。生态批评就是在这种情况下产生的。美国生态批评的主要倡导者和发起人彻丽尔格·罗特费为生态批评下的定义是:“生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之间关系的批评。”因此，生态批评的主要任务就是探讨人与自然的关系，特别关注人类发展对环境的负面影响。人类的发展导致环境恶化和生态危机。生态批评最现实的意义是在反思与批判中唤醒人们的生态意识。运用生态批评来研读作品既具有理论意义，又具有现实意义。通过对作品的生态主义解读也可以展示作者的生态意识。笔者将通过文本细读对伦敦的这两部动物小说进行生态主义解读以展示作家的生态意识。本文由五部分组成。第一部分主要介绍杰克伦敦的生平，以及他的作品和小说产生的背景材料，从作者的个人、家庭、社会、历史、文化、哲学等方面阐述作品产生的背景。还介绍了这两部动物小说的研究现状和本文的创新研究，阐述了生态批评的兴起、特点及其理论原则—反人类中心主义、深层生态学和生态整体主义。第二部分分析生态批评的理论原则——反人类中心论在这两部小说中的体现。小说的主人公对狗的控制、虐待体现了人类中心主义。伦敦对人类中心主义是极其厌恶的。第三部分从深层生态学视角分析了杰克伦敦的两部动物小说，更多地关注自然，而小说中狗就是自然的代表。第四部分用深层生态主义强调生物的多样性和每一种生命形式的内在价值。笔者首先分析狗的内在价值—狗的忠诚、自尊和智慧。这些都是狗的人性的一面;然后分析狗的野性的一面。狗的人性和野性之间是可以相互转化的，转化的原因在于人类对它的态度。生态整体主义体现小说中主人和狗的和谐与平等关系。第五部分总结小说蕴涵的生态思想并希望读者承担起自己的生态责任。
[Abstract]:Jack London (1876-1916), American novelist. He was born in San Francisco, from the "accounted for 1/10 of the population impoverished underclass", grew up in a no fixed occupation and no fixed abode in the family. It is a famous American realistic writer. The biography of the novelist Erving Stone said that he is the father of the proletariat literature of his works. Not only widespread in the United States, but also popular in the whole world. He has the high position in the modern American literature and world literature. His works are full of muscles bulge become an independent school, life and masculinity, most men welcome. His works belong to all readers, not only ordinary readers, is the great lady who also love put down the curtains shut the door secretly to taste his energetic, aggressive personality like fire works. - Jack London is such a character. He had a fire, a vessel full of vitality, the husband, love rough strong life, he often struggle to love all-powerful, often struggle to limit in. His adventure in difficulty as the enjoyment of the pioneer in the encounter as a joy.
Jack London enjoys a high reputation in the world literature. Many of his works are popular at home and abroad. In China, many readers of London's works especially the two animal novels "the call of the wild" and "white" are familiar. So far, our country for London the two animal novels most of the studies on the contents, themes and writing method is introduced and appraised. Some critics from the naturalistic point of view to interpret the two animal novels, describes the influence of environment and heredity of animal. However, studying the two animal novels in the background of eco criticism, can be found in the works contains rich ecological thoughts.
From the beginning of 1960s, a series of environmental problems have appeared as force humans to rethink and redefine the relationship between man and nature. In ten the limitations of natural science and technology, hoping to literary critics including philosophy and anthropology, social sciences and humanities to solve the crisis, so as to achieve a virtuous cycle of the ecosystem. Ecological criticism is generated in this case. The main advocate of American ecocriticism and sponsors Cherry, Roth fee for the definition of ERGs under ecocriticism: "ecological criticism is to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environment. Therefore, the criticism of" the main task of the ecocriticism is to explore the relationship between man and nature, pay special attention to the negative impact of human development on the environment. Human development led to the deterioration of the environment and ecological crisis. Ecological criticism is the most realistic significance in reverse In the critical thinking and arouse people's ecological consciousness. The ecological criticism works not only has theoretical significance, but also has practical significance. Based on the ecological interpretation of the works can also show the ecological consciousness of the author. The author will use the London close reading of the text of the two animal novels of Ecological Interpretation to demonstrate the ecological consciousness of the author.
This paper consists of five parts. The first part mainly introduces Jack's life in London, and his works and novel background material, from the author's personal, family, society, history, culture, philosophy and other aspects of the work of the background. It also introduces the innovation of the two small animal said the research present situation and this article that explains the rise of ecological criticism, characteristics and principles of anti anthropocentrism, deep ecology and ecological holism. The second part analyzes the theoretical principle of Ecological Criticism -- anti anthropocentrism in the two novels. The protagonist of the novel control of dogs, abuse reflects the anthrocentrism. London the anthropocentrism is extremely disgusting. The third part is the analysis of Jack London's two animal novels from the perspective of deep ecology, pay more attention to nature in the novel is a natural generation of dog Table. The fourth part emphasizes that the biological diversity and the intrinsic value of each life form with deep ecology. The author first analyzes the intrinsic value of the dog dog loyalty, self esteem and wisdom. These are the human side of the dog; then analyzes dogs' wild personalities. Between human and dog can be wild mutual transformation, transformation of human reason lies in the attitude toward it. The ecological holism reflects harmonious and equal relationship between the owner and the dog in the novel. The fifth part summarizes the ecological thoughts contained in the novels and hopes that readers can take up their own ecological responsibilities.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

【参考文献】