马斯洛的需求层次理论对《达洛维夫人》中自我实现主题的阐释

发布时间：2018-04-09 02:24

本文选题：《达洛维夫人》　切入点：需求层次理论　出处：《鲁东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：由于二十世纪初的特殊历史背景，自我成为了当时社会的焦点，大量的作家，心理学家与哲学家对此进行了关注。美国著名的心理学家马斯洛于1943年在他的文章《人类动机的理论》中提出了需求层级理论。马斯洛根据人类的动机逐一将其分为生理需求，安全需求，爱与归属的需求，尊重需求以及自我实现的理论。作为二十世纪西方最具影响力的女作家之一，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在她的作品中对自我这一概念进行了大量关注。她试图向读者展示其对于自我丧失的担忧，对自我探索的鼓励以及对真我的些许怀疑。本文以马斯洛的需求层次理论和自我实现理论作为基础，结合了社会文化背景，对《达洛维夫人》中的三位人物达洛维夫人、赛普蒂莫斯、莎莉分别进行了分析。该小说主要描述了两个人物：一个是身体健康的上层社会贵妇人克拉丽莎·达洛维；另外一个是在一战受到心理伤害的退伍士兵赛普蒂莫斯。尽管这两个人物彼此没有任何关联，但是伍尔夫刻意的对他们进行了安排：在一些特殊的场合，他们出现在了同一画面中。克拉丽莎·达洛维拥有完整的家庭并过着富裕的生活，但是在她的字典中缺少了爱与生活的意义，并且她缺少追求自我实现的勇气；加之，当时的社会文化环境阻碍了女性对自我实现的追求，达洛维夫人的归属感在她一步步走向自我实现的过程中逐渐被剥夺了。与之相反，虽然赛普蒂莫斯由于战争的残忍与无情而导致了精神失常，，他的想象与现实严重脱节。在缺少基本需求的情况下，他突破重重阻碍，最终通过结束自己生命的方式来完成自我实现。莎莉是小说中的另一个重要人物，她在小说情节的发展中发生了重大的改变，从一个自负冲动的激进少女成长为一位自信平和的富商妻子，她以一种循序渐进的方式达成自我实现。通过对三位人物进行分析，笔者认为，尽管三人的生活经历和生活基础各不相同，但是他们都试图要达到自我实现，但结局有喜有悲。在资本主义条件下，要达到自我实现，对各阶层的人都将是一个巨大的挑战。
[Abstract]:Due to the special historical background at the beginning of the 20th century, self became the focus of the society at that time, and a large number of writers, psychologists and philosophers paid close attention to it.Maslow, a famous American psychologist, put forward the theory of hierarchy of needs in his article "Theory of Human motivation" in 1943.Maslow divides human motivation into physiological needs, security needs, love and belonging needs, respect needs, and the theory of self-actualization.As one of the most influential female writers in the 20th century, Virginia Woolf paid much attention to the concept of self in her works.She tries to show readers her fears about self-loss, her encouragement for self-exploration, and a little doubt about her true self.Based on Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs and the theory of self-actualization, this paper analyzes the three characters of Madame Dalloway, Septimus and Sally, in combination with the social and cultural background.The novel depicts two characters: a healthy upper-class lady, Clarissa Dalloway, and a former soldier, Septimus, who suffered psychological injuries during World War I.Although the two characters have nothing to do with each other, Woolf deliberately arranges them: on some special occasions, they appear in the same picture.Clarissa Dalloway had a complete family and a rich life, but she lacked the meaning of love and life in her dictionary, and she lacked the courage to pursue self-realization.At that time, the social and cultural environment hindered women's pursuit of self-realization, and Mrs. Dalloway's sense of belonging was gradually deprived of her step by step towards self-realization.In contrast, although Septimus was deranged by the cruelty and ruthlessness of the war, his imagination was seriously disconnected from reality.In the absence of basic needs, he broke through obstacles and ended his self-realization by ending his life.Sally is another important figure in the novel, and she has undergone a major change in the plot of the novel, from an aggressive girl who is conceited and impulsive to a confident and peaceful wife of a wealthy businessman.She achieved self-realization in a gradual manner.Through the analysis of the three characters, the author thinks that although the three people have different life experiences and life bases, they all try to achieve self-realization, but the results are happy and sad.In capitalist conditions, self-realization will be a huge challenge for all strata of people.
【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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