论雷马克小说中的生命悲剧意识

发布时间：2018-04-13 20:33

本文选题：雷马克 + 悲剧　；参考：《江南大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：雷马克是20世纪德国具有世界影响的作家,是一个坚持用生命来写作的作家。他的一生执着于在西线战场上发现的那个问题,即生命如何才能获得生存的自由?这个问题是战争留下的;经历了法西斯的迫害和流亡的厄运,它在雷马克的意识中变得越来越复杂:从迷惘、绝望,最终回归于虚无。然而,在雷马克那里,迷惘、绝望和虚无并非空洞的概念,它们代表的不只是一种个人的悲剧性情绪,而是整个一代人的生命悲剧意识。从雷马克小说所展现的迷惘、绝望和虚无中,我们可以看到生命从一个困境又跳入另一个困境;它们饱受摧残,却依然垂首挺立。本文即以“人与生存困境的矛盾冲突”为悲剧范式,遵从雷马克创作思想的发展历程,来解读其小说所展现的开阔而深邃的生命悲剧意识。本文由绪论、正文和结语三个部分组成。正文分为三章:第一章以雷马克的一战三部曲及其续曲为研究对象,通过对这四部小说中四种悲剧性人物形象的解析,来展现个体生命在一战影响下所面临的生存困境,揭示其生命悲剧意识的缘起,即因信仰失落所造成的“迷惘”。四部小说中的四种悲剧人物都带着战争的伤痕,他们在渐变的年岁和轮换的困境中呈现为不同的悲剧形象,却共同表征着因失落而陷入空虚、又在逃避中落入彷徨的“迷惘的一代”。第二章以雷马克的二战系列小说为研究对象,分析个体生命在二战前后所面临的两大困境:法西斯和死神。主人公的经历在变化,小说中的生命悲剧意识也在发展:“迷惘”衍变为“绝望”,而“逃避”则发展为“直面”。雷马克的绝望并不是茫然地放弃一切,而是在清醒认识世界和生命真相基础上的一种放逐权威和承担一切的决心。绝望的背后燃烧着的是生命个体那直面困境的勇气,它召唤着生命个体去行动、去抗争。生命个体决绝地放逐权威是悲壮的;而在艰难抗争之后自由仍不可捉摸,这就使得这绝望中的悲剧色彩更加浓重:抗争愈强烈就愈显悲剧性。第三章以雷马克的遗作《天堂里的影子》为研究对象,这部小说为雷马克生命悲剧意识的发展画上了句号。雷马克的一战系列和二战系列分别展示了生命个体所面临的诸多困境:它们从迷惘的一代走到绝望的一代,从逃避困境转向直面困境。在这过程中,生命个体经历了无数的困境,然而最终能逃脱困境吗?这个问题的解答便呈现为雷马克生命悲剧意识的结局:虚无——困境的永恒轮回。小说《天堂里的影子》中的流亡者们千辛万苦所追求的天堂竟是一个冷漠的困境,这不禁让他们感到了困境的轮回,感到世界的荒诞和生命的无意义,感到自由只是个虚无的字眼。面对这永恒轮回的困境,有的流亡者幸存了下来,以极大的忍耐力抵抗住了虚无的人生;而大部分流亡者在困境的周而复始中崩溃了,选择了解脱,选择了结束人生。不由分说,这群流亡者是面对虚无的一代。
[Abstract]:Reimak was a world-influential writer in Germany in the 20 th century and a writer who insisted on writing with his life.His whole life was devoted to the question that had been discovered on the western battleground: how could life be free to survive?The problem was the legacy of war; after fascist persecution and exile, it became more and more complex in Remark's consciousness: from confusion, despair, and finally to nothingness.However, in Remark's view, confusion, despair and nothingness are not empty concepts, they represent not only a tragic emotion of the individual, but the tragic consciousness of the whole generation.From the perplexity, despair and nothingness of Reimak's novels, we can see that life jumps from one dilemma to another; they are devastated but still stand upright.Based on the tragic paradigm of "contradiction and conflict between human beings and survival predicament", this paper follows the development course of Reimak's creative thought, and interprets the open and profound consciousness of life tragedy shown in his novels.This paper consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.The main body is divided into three chapters: the first chapter takes Ramak's trilogy of World War I and its continuation as the object of study, through the analysis of the four tragic characters in the four novels, to show the survival plight of individual life under the influence of World War I.Reveal the origin of his tragic consciousness of life, that is, because of the loss of faith caused by "confusion."The four tragic characters in the four novels all carry the scars of war. They present different tragic images in the predicament of gradual age and rotation, but together represent the emptiness caused by loss.Again in the escape into the loss of the "lost generation."The second chapter takes Reimak's World War II novels as the research object and analyzes the two predicaments of individual life before and after World War II: fascism and death.The protagonist's experience is changing, and the consciousness of life tragedy in the novel is also developing: "lost" evolves into "despair", while "escape" develops into "face directly".Remac's despair was not a blank renunciation of everything, but a determination to banish authority and take all on the basis of a sober understanding of the world and the truth of life.Behind the despair is the courage of the individual to face the plight, it calls upon the individual to act, to fight.The determined banishment of authority by the individual is tragic, and freedom remains elusive after a difficult struggle, which makes the tragedy of despair even more intense: the stronger the struggle, the more tragic it becomes.The third chapter focuses on Reymark's relic Shadow in Heaven, which ends the development of Remac's tragic consciousness of life.Reimak's World War I and World War II series show the many dilemmas that life faces: from a lost generation to a desperate one, from escape to confrontation.In this process, the individual life experienced numerous dilemmas, but eventually can escape the plight?The answer to this question is the end of Remac's tragic consciousness of life: nothingness-the eternal cycle of predicament.The exile in the novel Shadow in Paradise is an apathetic dilemma, which makes them feel the transmigration of predicament, the absurdity of the world and the futility of life.Feeling free is nothing more than a nihilistic word.Faced with the dilemma of eternal transmigration, some exiles survived and resisted the nihilistic life with great endurance, while most of the exiles collapsed in the cycle of difficulties, chose to extricate themselves, and chose to end their lives.This group of exiles is a generation faced with nothingness.
【学位授予单位】：江南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I516.074

【参考文献】