《我弥留之际》的伦理解读

发布时间：2018-05-08 00:38

本文选题：威廉·福克纳 + 《我弥留之际》　；参考：《湖北大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：威廉·福克纳不仅是美国现代文学史上一位重要的作家,而且也是世界文学领域的一位大师。由于他的写作艺术精湛独到,对现代美国小说做出了强有力的贡献,并于1950年12月8日被授予了1949年度的诺贝尔文学奖。《福克纳的小说集》以及《寓言》分别于1951年和1955年两次荣获了国家图书奖并且《寓言》又于1955年荣获普利策奖。自80年代中期以来,在美国发表的论文、出版的专著以及博士论文中,在英语作家中,关于福克纳的已占有第二位,仅次于莎士比亚。本文要研究的《我弥留之际》是在短短的6周内,是福克纳所有的著作中以最快的速度和最自然的语言完成的,并且只字未改。该作曾不止一次被他自己用法语赞扬为“神品妙构”。国内外对《我弥留之际》的研究主要包括三大方面：主题、写作技巧以及体裁,并取得了一定的成就。而近几年对该小说的研究主要通过与现代文学理论和跨学科理论相结合来开展的,但是未能对本德仑一家的解体原因作出进一步的研究。由于缺少对该小说的伦理现象进行系统的研究,致使读者不能将小说中的人物性格同故事创作的历史背景联系起来,从而无法理解作者的创作动机。文学伦理学批评是由聂珍钊教授于2004年提出的文学理论。本文运用该理论、分两步先后阐释了《我弥留之际》中的伦理关系及其原因。首先,从小说中的三对关系入手分析——家庭关系、人与社会、以及人与上帝的关系,发现了送葬行为本身的伦理悖论是故事矛盾激化的导火索,而伦理悖论的存在源于本德仑一家人的异化,认为这种异化不仅由母亲的虚无主义、父亲的自私、懒惰导致,也应归因于当时社会的城乡贫富差距以及人们对上帝的信仰缺失。然后,通过对故事创作的历史背景以及作家的个人经历进行分析,进一步挖掘小说情节怪诞的历史原因,指出在南北传统价值观极大不同的前提下,南北战争后北方的统领对战败者南方,尤其是一度骄傲富裕的南方贵族的自尊心造成极大的伤害,作家像艾迪一样都是其中一员。他们一方面怀念辉煌的过去,一方面又消极面对未来。然而南方曾经的穷白人,以本德仑以及他的儿子为代表,凭借其强大的自我牺牲和忍耐精神克服困难以迎接属于他们的明天。通过以上分析,本文末尾最后得出结论,认为在《我弥留之际》中,福克纳通过人与家庭、人与社会、人与上帝三对伦理关系描述了本德仑一家人送葬一行,并将其作为当时社会的缩影,展现了美国南北战争后社会的剧变及其对南方造成的影响,表达出自己的人道主义立场：他相信只要凭借爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺牲,人类最终就一定能够活下去。
[Abstract]:William Faulkner is not only an important writer in the history of modern American literature, but also a master in the field of world literature. Because of his exquisite writing art, he made a strong contribution to modern American novels. On December 8, 1950, he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Faulkner's works and fables won the National Book Award in 1951 and 1955, respectively, and the Fable won the Pulitzer Prize in 1955. Since the mid-1980s, Faulkner has occupied the second place among English writers, second only to Shakespeare, in papers, monographs and doctoral theses published in the United States. The present study of "my dying time" was completed in a short period of six weeks by Faulkner in the quickest and most natural language of all his works, and the word has not been changed. On more than one occasion, the work was praised by himself in French as "divine artistry." There are three main aspects in the study of "my dying time" at home and abroad: theme, writing skills and genres, and some achievements have been made. In recent years, the study of the novel is mainly carried out through the combination of modern literary theory and interdisciplinary theory, but it fails to further study the causes of the disintegration of the Bendelun family. Due to the lack of systematic research on the ethical phenomena of the novel, the reader cannot relate the characters' characters to the historical background of the story creation, and thus can not understand the author's creative motivation. Literary ethics criticism is a literary theory put forward by Professor Nie Zhenzhao in 2004. Based on this theory, this paper explains the ethical relationship and its reasons in "I die" in two steps. First of all, starting with the analysis of three pairs of relationships in the novel-family relations, the relationship between man and society, and between man and God, it is found that the ethical paradox of burial behavior itself is the trigger for the intensification of contradictions in the story. The existence of the ethical paradox originates from the alienation of the Bendelun family, which is not only caused by the nihilism of the mother, the selfishness and laziness of the father, but also attributed to the gap between the rich and the poor in urban and rural areas and the lack of people's belief in God at that time. Then, through the analysis of the historical background of the story creation and the writer's personal experience, the author further excavates the historical reason of the novel's grotesque plot, and points out that under the premise of the great difference of the traditional values between the north and the south, The leader of the North after the Civil War caused great damage to the pride of the defeated South, especially the once proud and wealthy Southern aristocrats, and the writer was one of them, like Eddie. They miss the glorious past on the one hand, and face the future passively on the other. But once the poor whites of the South, represented by Bendron and his son, overcome their difficulties with their strong self-sacrifice and patience to meet their future. At the end of this paper, we conclude that Faulkner describes the Bendelun family's burial line through three pairs of ethical relationships: man and family, man and society, man and God. And took it as a microcosm of the society of that time, showing the dramatic changes in the American post-Civil War society and its impact on the South and expressing his humanitarian position: he believed that only with love, honor, compassion, self-esteem, compassion and sacrifice, Man will surely live in the end.
【学位授予单位】：湖北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

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