欢乐中的深刻：莎士比亚喜剧《爱的徒劳》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《第十二夜》研究

发布时间：2018-06-01 14:01

本文选题：莎士比亚 + 喜剧　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：莎士比亚研究成果浩如烟海，尤其是其悲剧，由于其深刻的思想性，广受各个时代莎评家的关注。然而，评论家投向莎氏喜剧的目光要少得多。大多数人认为，莎士比亚喜剧的主要目的是娱乐观众，它们显示了剧作家精湛的创作艺术，却缺乏其悲剧和传奇剧等所具有的深刻性。但是，一个伟大的作家，其思想性必然具有统一性，一个伟大的剧作家，无论他创作的是悲剧还是喜剧，其作品能够成为经典，必然是精湛的创作艺术与深刻思想的结合体，莎士比亚在其悲剧、历史剧、传奇剧等作品中体现的深刻性，势必也体现在他的喜剧之中。本论文以新批评文本细读为主要研究方法，结合历史生平批评、解构主义等，选取莎士比亚创作早期公认不够成熟的《爱的徒劳》、中期较为成熟的《仲夏夜之梦》与公认为其喜剧巅峰之作的《第十二夜》三部作品，考察他喜剧作品的深刻性。莎士比亚所处的时代是欧洲地理大发现的时代，也是欧洲文艺复兴思想广泛影响英国的时代，他所生活的英国社会是一个复杂的社会，他经历了两个大不相同的王朝，也见证了新兴资产阶级势力和封建势力的激烈斗争。所有这些，都影响着莎士比亚对时代、社会的观察与思考，同时也是他作品思想深刻性赖以实现的前提。这种深刻性，在他的喜剧中是通过他的创作技巧这一渠道体现的。在《爱的徒劳》、《仲夏夜之梦》和《第十二夜》这三部作品中，莎士比亚运用巧合、戏中戏和语言游戏等技巧，巧妙地将他对于社会、时代、人性的敏锐观察与深刻思考融入作品中。作品中的人物，则是呈现这些敏锐观察与深刻思考的主体，镜像式的双重人物使作者深刻思想得以多维地呈现，给观众和读者带来欢乐的丑角，则很好地将这些深刻思想隐藏在笑声之下，使作者的思想在欢乐的映照下显得更加深刻。从这三部作品中，可以看出贯穿于莎士比亚所有喜剧作品中的显性主题，即对真挚爱情的赞美、对真诚友谊的颂扬、对人性解放的讴歌和对和谐世界的憧憬，但同时也可看出，作品中大量的暗色因素同时对这些显性主题进行解构，让观众和读者看到人生与爱情的虚妄、幻想的破灭以及和谐世界的失落，反映出作者另一面的深刻思想，而这种由暗色因素体现的深刻思想，则延续至莎士比亚的悲剧、黑暗喜剧和传奇剧的创作之中。论文专门探讨莎士比亚喜剧，而且将其早期的喜剧作品与后来的作品视为一个体系，认为莎士比亚所有的戏剧作品是一个连贯的整体，他早期的喜剧作品是这个体系的一个组成部分。论文将莎士比亚喜剧创作不同阶段与不同艺术成就的作品放在一起探讨，给以一个历时坐标，，发现这些作品存在着共同的创作及思想特点，而且，这些创作与思想特点延续至其悲剧、传奇剧等其他类型作品之中。论文还将莎士比亚喜剧创作的复杂性与深刻性相联系，认为复杂的目的是深刻，莎士比亚深邃的思想是其作品深刻性的基础和决定因素，其作品复杂的结构、人物关系、语言等是其深刻性的表现形式，其深刻性是通过这些复杂的因素呈现的。同时，论文提出了莎士比亚喜剧中的“暗色因素”这一概念，指出莎士比亚喜剧从最初开始就普遍并明显存在许多非喜剧因素。所谓暗色因素，不但包括以往莎评家已经注意到的“悲剧因素”和“严肃因素”等，而且包括所有其他与喜剧结局、氛围等不相符合的因素。这一概念是对“悲剧因素”、“严肃因素”等概念的扩展。莎氏喜剧中的暗色因素使他的作品具有了一种对人性、对生命意义、对人类理想的严肃认真的哲学思考，是体现莎氏喜剧创作深刻性的一个重要元素。本论文虽然不是对莎士比亚喜剧的全面研究，也不是对他全部剧作的系统研究，但从他不同创作时期的代表性喜剧作品中，可以管窥贯穿于莎士比亚全部创作过程的深刻思想，有助于更好地了解莎士比亚的作品。
[Abstract]:Shakespeare research into the sea of smoke, especially its tragedy, because of its profound ideological nature, is widely concerned with the Shakespeare in various times. However, critics have made much less attention to Shakespeare's comedies. Most people think that the main purpose of Shakespeare's comedy is to entertain audiences, which show the exquisite creation of the playwright. But a great writer, a great playwright, is a great playwright, no matter his tragedy or comedy, his works can be a classic, a combination of exquisite creative art and deep thought, and Shakespeare's tragedy, historical play, The depth of the works, such as the legendary drama, is bound to be reflected in his comedy. This paper takes the new critical text as the main research method, combines historical life criticism, deconstruction, and so on, and selects Shakespeare's early recognition of "love's futility", which is not mature enough. The twelfth works of the peak, three nights, examine the depth of his comedy.
The times of Shakespeare were in the era of great geographical discovery in Europe and the era of the widespread influence of the European Renaissance thought. The British society he lived in was a complex society. He experienced two different dynasties and witnessed the fierce struggle between the emerging bourgeois forces and the feudal forces. All of these were the shadow of the shadow. Shakespeare's observation and thinking about the times and the society are also the premise of the profound thought of his works. This profundity is embodied in his comedy through the channel of his creative skills. In the three works of "love", "the dream of midsummer night" and "Twelfth nights >", Shakespeare uses coincidences and plays in the play. And language games and other skills, skillfully integrating his keen observation and deep thinking of society, times and human nature into his works. The characters in the works are the main body of these keen observation and deep thinking, and the double characters of the mirror make the author's profound thoughts multidimensional and bring a joyful clown to the audience and the readers. In this three works, we can see the dominant themes in all of Shakespeare's comic works, the praise of sincere love, the praise of sincere friendship, the eulogize of the liberation of human nature, and the harmonious world. But at the same time, it can be seen that a large number of dark factors are deconstructed at the same time, allowing the audience and readers to see the falsehood of life and love, the disillusion of fantasy and the loss of the harmonious world, reflecting the deep thought on the other side of the author, and this profound thought, reflected by the dark factors, continues to Sasby. The tragedy of Asia, the creation of dark comedy and legendary drama.
The thesis specializes in Shakespeare's comedy, and regards his early comedy and later works as a system, and thinks that all of Shakespeare's dramatic works are a coherent whole, and his early comic works are part of this system. The thesis makes the different stages of Shakespeare's comic creation and the different artistic achievements. The works are discussed together, giving a diachronic coordinate and finding that these works have common creative and ideological characteristics. Moreover, these creative and ideological features continue to be among other types of works such as their tragedies and legends. The thesis also connects the complexity and profundity of Shakespeare's comic creation, and thinks the complex purpose is deep. Shakespeare's profound thought is the foundation and determinant of his profound works. The complex structure of his works, the relationship of characters, and the language are its profound expression forms. The profound nature of his works is presented through these complex factors. At the same time, the paper puts forward the concept of "dark factors" in Shakespeare's comedy, and points out Sasby. There are many non comic factors in the subcomedy from the beginning. The so-called dark factors include not only the "tragic factors" and "serious factors" that had been noticed by the former Shakespeare, but also all other factors that are not compatible with the comedy ending and the atmosphere. This concept is a "tragic factor", "a serious cause." The dark factors in Shakespeare's comedy make his works have a serious and serious philosophical thinking about human nature, meaning to life and the ideal of human being. It is an important element to reflect the profundity of Shakespeare's comedy.
This paper is not a comprehensive study of Shakespeare's comedy, nor a systematic study of all his plays, but from his representative comedies in his different periods of creation, it is possible to see the profound thoughts that run through all the process of Shakespeare's creation and help to better understand Shakespeare's works.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.073

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