重压下的风度—叙述视角下《老人与海》言语行为分析

发布时间：2018-06-02 17:46

本文选题：《老人与海》 + 叙述视角　；参考：《杭州电子科技大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：小说《老人与海》是海明威的代表作，为他赢得1954年诺贝尔文学奖起了至关重要的作用，吸引了国内外众多评论者的充分关注，，然而从叙述视角和言语行为理论相结合的角度对老人形象进行的研究尚未见到。论文独辟蹊径，在对叙述视角进行合理分类的基础上，结合“以言行事”的语用理论，对《老人与海》中老人形象及社会含义进行阐释。叙述视角是重要的叙事策略，属于结构范畴。传统研究多关注视角分类，忽视了其语言行为功能。视角是用语言实现的，因此叙述语言本身具有言语行为功能，在一定视角下通过表达一定的命题内容，实现一定的言外功能，并收一定的言后之果。论文以聚焦者的位置为依据将叙述视角分为内视角和外视角，前者聚焦者在故事内，后者聚焦者在故事外。内视角由第一人称回顾视角和经验视角以及第三人称经验视角构成，后者则包括传统的第一人称和第三人称全知视角，第二人称视角及照相机式视角。海明威在《老人与海》中游刃于外视角和内视角之间，通过内省和外察全方位展现老人深度重压下的风度。外视角包括传统第三人称全知视角和照相机式视角，客观全面地聚焦老人所面临的重压。照相机式视角的命题行为如实呈现老人的生存环境，言外行为向读者展示老人生活的窘迫、运气不佳及颜面扫地。言后行为使读者对人物产生怜悯之情。全知视角的命题行为是展示老人的外表及内心，言外行为是从作者权威的角度对老人进行评价,言后行为是使读者感受到老人优雅的风度。外视角多客观描写和作者评价。内视角体现在第三人称体验视角上，由圣地亚哥的大量独白完成，并由直接引语、间接引语和自由间接引语的混合体实现。该视角的命题行为聚焦老人的内心活动，言外行为表现老人丰富、深邃和矛盾相加的内心活动，言后行为拉近了读者与人物的距离，使读者进入人物内心，零距离体会老人的自信、勇敢和乐观。内外视角的切换使读者从主客观两方面感受到老人重压下的优雅风度，启发我们在残酷的社会现实和命运中，人应该毫无畏惧地迎接挑战与斗争、以极大的决心和勇气面对失败、在压力下优雅地生存；人生的意义不在于“成功”，也不在于“失败”，而在于抗争。论文采取理论分析和文本细读相结合的研究方法，旨在透视叙述视角变化与言语行为的关系，体会作者精湛的创作技巧。该研究方法符合当前文学研究跨学科发展的趋势，是对小说欣赏和批评理论与实践的一次新尝试。
[Abstract]:As a masterpiece of Hemingway, the novel the Old Man and the Sea played a vital role in winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature and attracted the full attention of many critics at home and abroad. However, the study of the image of the elderly from the perspective of narration and speech act theory has not been seen. Based on the reasonable classification of narrative perspective and the pragmatic theory of "taking words and deeds", the paper explains the image and social meaning of the elderly in "the Old Man and the Sea". Narrative perspective is an important narrative strategy and belongs to the category of structure. Traditional studies focus on visual classification and neglect its linguistic behavioral function. Angle of view is realized by language, so narrative language itself has speech act function. In a certain angle of view, it can express certain propositional content, realize certain extra-verbal function, and receive certain fruit after speech. Based on the position of the focusser, the narrative perspective is divided into the internal perspective and the external perspective. The former is in the story, the latter is outside the story. The internal perspective consists of the first person perspective, the empirical perspective and the third person perspective. The latter includes the traditional first person and third person omniscient perspective, the second person perspective and the camera perspective. Hemingway in the Old Man and the Sea in the edge between the external and internal perspective, through introspection and external observation of all aspects of the old man under the pressure of the depth of grace. The external perspective, including the traditional third person omniscient perspective and the camera perspective, focuses objectively and comprehensively on the stress faced by the elderly. The propositional behavior of camera visual angle presents the living environment of the old people truthfully, and the unspoken behavior shows the readers the embarrassment, bad luck and face loss of the old people's life. The postmortem makes the reader feel pity for the characters. The propositional behavior of omniscient perspective is to show the appearance and heart of the old man, the extraverbal behavior is to evaluate the old man from the perspective of the author's authority, and the postverbal behavior is to make the reader feel the elegant demeanor of the old man. The external visual angle is more objective description and author evaluation. The internal perspective is embodied in the perspective of the third person experience, completed by a large number of monologues of Santiago, and realized by the mixture of direct speech, indirect speech and free indirect speech. The propositional behavior of this perspective focuses on the inner activities of the elderly, while the extra-verbal behavior shows the inner activities of the elderly, which are rich, profound and contradictory. The post-speech behavior draws the distance between the readers and the characters and makes the readers enter the hearts of the characters. Zero distance experience the old man's self-confidence, courage and optimism. The change of internal and external perspective makes readers feel the grace under the burden of the elderly from subjective and objective aspects, and enlightens us that in the cruel social reality and destiny, people should meet the challenge and struggle without fear. Face failure with great determination and courage, live gracefully under pressure; the meaning of life lies not in success, nor in failure, but in struggle. By combining theoretical analysis and text reading, the thesis aims to understand the relationship between the change of narrative perspective and speech act, and to understand the author's exquisite creative skills. This research method accords with the current trend of interdisciplinary development of literary research and is a new attempt in the theory and practice of novel appreciation and criticism.
【学位授予单位】：杭州电子科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074;H313

【参考文献】