生态批评视角下的《黑暗的心》

发布时间：2018-06-26 09:05

本文选题：康拉德 + 生态批评　；参考：《华北电力大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：康拉德(1857-1924)被公认为十九世纪末最伟大的英国小说家之一。在进行文学创作之前,他曾经历了二十年的海上生活,因而也成为一位擅长以海上生活作为小说题材的伟大作家,《黑暗的心》是其最著名的一部小说。这部小说以他在刚果的亲身经历为素材,小说一问世就得到了文学评论界的关注,批评家们从精神分析、种族主义以及后殖民主义等角度来研究并给与它很高的评价。但自从生态主义批评在上世纪问世以来,人们开始从生态的角度去重新审视和解读康拉德及其小说。本文将从自然生态、社会生态和精神生态三方面解读《黑暗的心》,探究作者更深层的生态哲学思想,从而希望有助于加深对该小说的理解和研究。文章分为四个部分。第一部分是引言,简要介绍康拉德及其作品,以及生态批评的发展历史。第二部分是全文重点,这一部分首先探讨了康拉德在《黑暗的心》中所体现的自然生态观,在小说中,作者描述了当时非洲的生态灾难,表达了他对生态危机的担忧和对人类破坏生态行为的谴责。作者将生态危机的源头直指人类现代文明,认为文明的进程毁坏了大自然,破坏了人与自然的和谐。其次,小说中人类文明不仅破坏了美丽的大自然,还造成了社会的等级分化,从而间离了人与人之间的关系。随着资本主义工业文明的发展,为了追求最大的利润,人们变得贪婪和自私,人与人之间变得冷漠和残酷。作为一个具有生态思想的作家,康拉德借克尔兹之口“可怕啊!可怕啊!”表达出了社会应该像大自然一样和谐。最后,人与自然关系的改变,人与人之间关系的改变,在伤害自然、伤害社会的同时,也伤害了人心。在《黑暗的心》中,自然生态、社会生态的失衡与人类精神的破损同时展开。康拉德通过对小说中人物扭曲的精神的描述,揭露了人们失衡的精神生态,表达了自己对和谐精神生态的期盼。第三部分剖析了康拉德在此部作品中体现出来的生态批评意识和作者的生态理想。第四部分总结全文,虽然康拉德并非严格意义上的生态文学家,但他在小说中从人与自然的关系为切入点,使这部小说传达出创作主体的生态意识。通过对《黑暗的心》中自然生态、社会生态以及精神生态的分析,论文进一步深化了从生态批评角度对该小说的研究,认识到康拉德超前的生态批评意识。通过分析,笔者发现《黑暗的心》是一部充满生态思想的伟大的生态文学作品,同时总结了在生态批评视野中研究此部作品的意义。
[Abstract]:Conrad (1857-1924) was recognized as one of the greatest English novelists at the end of the nineteenth century. Prior to his literary creation, he had lived at sea for twenty years, and thus became a great writer who was good at taking life at sea as his novel subject matter. The Heart of Darkness was his most famous novel. The novel, based on his personal experience in Congo, has attracted the attention of literary critics from the perspectives of psychoanalysis, racism and post-colonialism. But since ecologicalism came out in the last century, people began to re-examine and interpret Conrad and his novels from the angle of ecology. This paper will interpret the Heart of Darkness from three aspects: natural ecology, social ecology and spiritual ecology, and probe into the author's deeper ecological philosophy, hoping that it will help to deepen the understanding and study of the novel. The article is divided into four parts. The first part is the introduction, briefly introduces Conrad and his works, as well as the development history of ecological criticism. The second part is the main point of the paper. This part first discusses Conrad's natural ecological view embodied in Heart of Darkness. In the novel, the author describes the ecological disaster in Africa at that time. He expressed his concern about the ecological crisis and his condemnation of human acts of ecological destruction. The author points the source of ecological crisis to modern human civilization and holds that the process of civilization destroys nature and destroys the harmony between man and nature. Secondly, human civilization not only destroys the beautiful nature, but also results in the social hierarchy, which separates the relationship between people. With the development of capitalist industrial civilization, people become greedy and selfish in pursuit of maximum profit, and become cold and cruel among people. As a writer with ecological ideas, Conrad borrowed the words of Kertz "terrible!" Terrible! " Expressed that society should be as harmonious as nature. Finally, the change of the relationship between man and nature, the change of the relationship between man and man not only injures nature and society, but also hurts the human heart. In Heart of Darkness, the imbalance of natural ecology and social ecology develops simultaneously with the breakage of human spirit. By describing the distorted spirit of the characters in the novel, Conrad exposed the unbalanced spiritual ecology of people and expressed his expectation of harmonious spiritual ecology. The third part analyzes Conrad's ecological criticism consciousness and the author's ecological ideal. The fourth part summarizes the full text, although Conrad is not a strict ecological writer, but in his novel from the relationship between man and nature as a breakthrough point, so that the novel conveys the ecological consciousness of the creative subject. Through the analysis of natural ecology, social ecology and spiritual ecology in Heart of Darkness, the thesis further deepens the study of the novel from the angle of ecological criticism, and recognizes Conrad's advanced consciousness of ecological criticism. Through analysis, the author finds that Heart of Darkness is a great ecological literary work full of ecological thoughts, and sums up the significance of studying this work in the field of ecological criticism.
【学位授予单位】：华北电力大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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