从生态角度解读海明威的短篇小说

发布时间：2018-07-25 11:28

【摘要】：海明威是美国二十世纪的伟大作家,他传奇的一生和独特的写作手法是评论家关注的焦点。学者们已经从女权主义、种族主义、后殖民主义等方面研究他的作品。生态批评产生后,学者们开始研究他的自然观。其作品中表达出的人与自然的关系日益受到生态批评家的关注。对海明威短篇小说中生态思想的研究有着重大意义。通过对其短篇小说整体的研究,更能深入探讨他的作品。在其作品中,海明威试图探究人与自然,男人与女人之间和谐关系。本研究的主旨在于通过海明威小说的分析,揭示其中体现出的生态思想,从而激发人们保护日益恶化环境的意识,促进人与自然的和谐相处。生态批评家们认为自然有其内在价值,并不能将其简单理解为对人类的有用性,人类并非自然的主宰者。人与自然之间的关系不应该是一种支配与被支配、统治与被统治的关系,而应该是保持相互依存、互蕴共荣的关系。作为一个作家,海明威对人与自然的关系有着深刻的思考,人与动物之间不应该是等级和统治关系,任何形式的人类征服自然地行为只能换取人与自然的共同毁灭。人类应尊敬并同情非人类生命体。在《一个非洲故事》中,戴维亲眼目睹了一头老象被残忍杀害的场景。孩子对于动物的同情和崇敬之情更加强烈、纯洁、天真。同时,海明威担忧战争对生态环境带来的毁灭性影响,以及遭到破坏的自然景观。伴随着新技术和新交通方式的出现,人类对自然资源的开采变得缺乏控制。尤其是海明威在其作品中批判了人们对密歇根珍贵森林资源的肆意的,疯狂掠夺式的开采。海明威在其短篇小说中也揭露受战争和社会工业化进程的影响引起的现代人的异化。人们相互分离,孤立,变得迷惘,失望以及虚无的精神状态。一战的影响伴随着海明威的一生,当然他自己的战争经历融入到创作中。他也注意到两性之间的异化问题。在两性关系中,他厌恶男人将女人边缘化以及男人的冷漠态度。他批判男人将女性来树立自身的社会形象或者将女性看做是寻欢作乐的对象。在《密执安北部》中,女主人公莉芝对于爱情纯洁,浪漫爱情的向往和吉姆的自私,不负责任形成了鲜明的对比。男人对女性的忽视和冷漠的态度使两性关系处于不和谐状态。通过揭露两性关系中女性所处的地位,海明威认为人类社会的持续发展需要维系人与自然,男性与女性的和谐关系。在《大双心河》中,海明威把自然描写为人类精神的避难所。主人公尼克借以在自然的经历中摆脱自身的困境。重返自然,热爱自然是解决现代社会异化和生态危机的唯一方法。忽视自然内在规律,任意开发,利用自然必将导致人类的灭亡。研究最终显示,海明威的短篇小说中,体现出人类与自然互相平等、相互依存的关系的生态思想。希望通过这种生态批评的解读方式,使我们能够更好地了解海明威本人及其作品,同时在生态危机日益严重的现实背景下,建构一种生态批评的思维方式和阅读方式,以唤醒人们的生态意识。
[Abstract]:Hemingway is a great American writer in the twentieth Century. His legendary life and unique writing techniques are the focus of the critics. Scholars have studied his works from feminism, racism and postcolonialism. After the emergence of ecocriticism, scholars began to study his view of nature. The people and nature expressed in his works. The relationship between the ecological critics is becoming more and more important. The study of the ecological thought in Hemingway's short stories is of great significance. Through the study of his short stories, he can further explore his works. In his works, Hemingway tries to explore the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and between men and women. The main purpose of this study is through the study. The analysis of Hemingway's novels reveals the ecological thoughts embodied in it, thus arousing people's awareness of protecting the deteriorating environment and promoting the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
The ecological critics think that nature has its intrinsic value and can not simply understand it as the usefulness of human beings. Human beings are not the master of nature. The relationship between man and nature should not be a domination and domination, the relationship between rule and rule, but the relationship of maintaining interdependence and mutual prosperity. As a writer, the sea Ming Wei has a deep thought on the relationship between man and nature. The relationship between man and animal should not be the relation of rank and rule. Any form of human conquest of nature can only be exchanged for the common destruction of man and nature. Man should respect and sympathize with the non human life. In a story of Africa, David witnessed the cruelty of an old elephant. At the same time, Hemingway worries about the devastating effects of war on the ecological environment, and the natural landscape that has been destroyed. With the emergence of new technologies and new ways of transportation, human beings are lacking in control of the exploitation of natural resources. In his works, Wei criticized the wanton and frantic exploitation of precious forest resources in Michigan.
In his short stories, Hemingway also revealed the alienation of modern people caused by the influence of the process of war and social industrialization. People separated, isolated, lost, disappointing, and nothingness. The impact of the first World War was accompanied by Hemingway's life, of course his own war experience was incorporated into his creation. In the sexual relationship, he dislikes the marginalization of a woman and the indifference of men. He criticizes men to set up their own social image or to see women as an object of pleasure. In the north of Michigan, the heroine is pure in love, the yearning for romantic love and the selfishness of Jim. Hemingway believes that the sustainable development of human society needs to maintain a harmonious relationship between man and nature, and between men and women.
In the "great double heart river", Hemingway described nature as the refuge of human spirit. The protagonist Nick borrowed from his natural experience to get rid of his own dilemma. To return to nature and love nature is the only way to solve the alienation and ecological crisis of modern society. The study finally shows that in Hemingway's short stories, the ecological thought of the relationship between human and nature is equal and interdependent. Through this ecologic criticism, we hope that we can better understand Hemingway himself and his works, and construct an ecological batch under the increasingly serious realistic background of ecological danger. Commentary on ways of thinking and reading to awaken people's ecological consciousness.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.074

【共引文献】