生态批评视野中的当代美国土著小说研究

发布时间：2018-07-25 13:08

【摘要】：当代的生态批评源于人类和整个地球的生存危机这样一个大背景，旨在探讨文学与自然环境的关系，启发人类意识到人与自然和谐、平衡的重要性。当前的生态运动需要关注的是环境危机中深层的根源，需要认识到人类与所处环境亲密而重要的依存关系，由此，被普遍认同的主观与客观、主动与被动的传统美学观念就必须超越二元对立关系，合而为一，在一个共同体中生成愉悦和美好的感受，并相互惠及。从事文学创作、批评和教学的学者们作为富有创造力的调解人，需要在文学和生物圈之间承担起鼓励、发现、实践和发展对生物圈具有创新性的领悟、态度和行动的任务。在一个长期充斥着以个人主义的英雄式征服为正面意向的主流文化圈中，一直被视为“自然之子”而非“文化人”的土著作家的文学创作只在最近四十年才由于两点缘由开始进入美国文学的经典之列，一是土著文学中体现的生态而非人类中心主义的观念，二是其演示性而非单纯文本性的表述模式。他们创作着一个个基于社群的神话般的复原、幸存的故事，其中，以人与自然的和谐、平衡的完美境界为标志的圣环成为土著人战胜苦难、乐观面对生活、完成复原的精神支柱和标志，表达了他们对时空循环和亲缘关系的独特认识。海德格尔的天地神人的四元合一的哲学思辨是当代深层生态学的思想基础，，生态整体观将不可分割的代表自然的“天地”、代表精神信仰的“神”和栖居在这个世界上的“终有一死的人”紧密联系起来，指导失去自然家园和精神家园的无家可归者与自然万物和谐相处。莱斯利·西尔科在《仪式》中分析了20世纪后半叶的社会生活中美国土著人的艰辛和持续的生命力，而更大的目的则是通过塔尤的故事发掘出老兵复原与重归族群背后所蕴含的印第安文化的生发力，而这种生发力就来源于印第安民族一直拥有的对天地神人四元合一的信仰。生态女性主义通过自身为代表和媒介，警醒世人关注和改变自然生活和社会生活中一切不合理关系的存在。美国土著作家们在部族的女性传统中找到了女药师、女勇士的复原力量，并重树印第安女性在部族文化中的核心地位。在共同面对当今的生态危机时，这样开放的语境更是与生态女性主义的思路达成了一致。葆拉·冈恩·艾伦的《拥有影子的女人》和詹姆斯·威尔奇的《血色隆冬》都通过展现和解读部落传统中以大地之母为原型的女性原则，发掘了现代土著人如何在物质化、工业化造成的精神困境中，在大地之母的洗礼中重获新生。对于土著人来说，失去承载着部落和家庭历史的土地、生存环境的巨大改变必然从精神上造成土著人的情感创伤，导致了他们对于个人身份认同的危机。基于这样的认识，当代美国土著作家在创作中都通过回归故土，在重新认识族人与自然的亲缘中讲述着自己的幸存故事。露易斯·厄德里奇在《爱药》中通过对土著人居留地的地域景观和环境的描写，抒发了她对这片土地的强烈情感。这种情感一是来自于她对印第安历史的了解，更重要的是她深切地理解印第安传统灵学思想中一直颂扬的人类与大地的亲缘关系，而这一点与当今的生态思潮不谋而合。斯科特莫马迪在《通向阴雨山的道路》和《黎明之屋》中，则通过讲述故事宣扬了印第安传统文化，是一次对家园的审美过程。这是理解印第安传统灵学思想中一直颂扬的人类与大地的亲缘关系的有力例证。当自然不再是故事发生的背景，而是成为引导人类认识自己的身份、了解自己的历史和文化的指南时，人才能真正理解地域感知并最终到达福地。在生存的主要条件之一——食物这一环节，动物与人类的和谐相处、共同生息充分体现了土著人的传统文化对于生态状况的深入影响，其中的动物伦理在文化表征中的最明显表达就是族人中普遍流传的恶作剧精灵故事。他们对于天地万物相互关联、相互惠及的原则的坚持，以及对恶作剧精灵发自内心的真正相信才能确实起到教化、改变的作用。在当代美国土著小说创作中，充满喜剧色彩的恶作剧精灵为阅读者提供了一种理解自己与外在世界相互依存的独特视角。露易斯·厄德里奇、杰拉尔德·维泽诺和托马斯·金等当代美国土著作家坚守传统叙事，书写了介于人类与动物之间、文化与自然之间的调停者——恶作剧精灵，在笑声中修正错误，对读者进行传统价值观的教育。以去人类中心主义为主要特征的当代生态批评实践将生态整体主义作为追求的目标，但对于北美土著人来说，这却是早已经过祖先的历代实践并努力传承的古老智慧。当西方哲学家们一直在层出不穷的二元对立关系中沉思、辩论时，北美土著人却通过身体力行的方式表述并实践着自己的宇宙观和灵学思想，建构着天人合一的和谐圣环。祖辈创造和流传下来的神话传说成为当代土著作家研究和借鉴的原型，他们就像传统文化中的故事讲述者一样，在现代语境中通过仪式化和神秘化的叙事继承和传扬着祖先的理念。他们将人与世上的一切都看作是一个如蛛网般相互关联的整体，任何一根蛛线的断裂都会导致整个蛛网的倾斜和破损，这样的信仰帮助个人和整个部族达到与自然环境长久地和谐相处，其中顺应自然的生态智慧对于当今全球普遍存在的生态危机，无疑具有极大的现实指导意义。
[Abstract]:Contemporary ecocriticism comes from the background of the survival crisis of mankind and the whole earth. It aims to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environment, to enlighten mankind to realize the harmony between man and nature, and the importance of balance. The current ecological movement needs to pay attention to the deep root of the environmental crisis, and the need to recognize that human beings are close to their environment. And the important interdependence, which is generally recognized by the subjective and objective, active and passive traditional aesthetic concepts, must transcend the two yuan antagonism, merge into one, create pleasure and good feelings in a community, and reciprocate, and the scholars engaged in literary creation, criticism and teaching as creative mediators, The task of encouraging, finding, practicing and developing the biosphere's innovative understanding, attitude and action between literature and the biosphere is needed. In a mainstream cultural circle, which is full of heroic conquest of individualism for a long time, the indigenous writers who have been regarded as "son of nature", not "cultural people". Only in the last forty years, literary creation has only begun to enter the classic of American literature for two reasons, one is the concept of ecology, not the anthropocentrism in the indigenous literature, and the two is its demonstration rather than the simple text pattern. They have created a mythical restoration based on the community and the surviving stories. The holy ring, marked by the harmony of man and nature, and the perfect state of balance, has become the spiritual pillar and symbol of the aborigines' victory over suffering, the optimistic face of life and the completion of their restoration, and their unique understanding of the cycle of time and space and their relationship.
The philosophical speculation of the four yuan and the unity of the heaven and earth man of Heidegger is the ideological basis of the contemporary deep ecology. The concept of ecological integrity will represent the inseparable nature of the "heaven and earth", the "God" of the spiritual belief and the "mortal man" inhabiting the world, to guide the loss of natural homes and spiritual families. The homeless people of the garden live in harmony with the nature. In the ritual, Leslie Silko analyzed the hardships and persistent vitality of the American Aborigines in the second half of the twentieth Century, and the greater purpose was to discover the power of Indian culture behind the restoration and reunification of the veterans. And this kind of vitality comes from the belief that the Indian nationality has always possessed the unity of four elements of heaven and earth.
Ecofeminism, through itself as the representative and medium, alerted the world to the existence of all unreasonable relations in natural and social life. The American indigenous writers found the female pharmacist, the resilience of the women warriors in the tribal women tradition and the core status of the women in the tribal culture of Indian. In the context of the current ecological crisis, such an open context is more consistent with the idea of ecofeminism. Paula Gunn Alan's < the shadow Woman > and James Welch's "the bloody winter" are both unearthed by the female principles of the tribal tradition of the mother of the earth in the tribal tradition. In the spiritual predicament caused by materialization and industrialization, we reborn in the baptism of mother earth.
For Aboriginal people, the loss of the land bearing tribal and family history, the great changes in the living environment will inevitably cause the emotional trauma of the indigenous people and the crisis of their personal identity. The natural affinity tells the story of her survival. In the love medicine, Louise Oderich expressed her strong feelings about the land through the description of the local landscape and environment of the aboriginal residence. This emotion came from her understanding of the history of Indian, and more importantly, her deep understanding of the traditional spirit of Indian. The relationship between mankind and the earth, which has been praised in the school of thought, coincides with the current ecological trend of thought. In Scott Mo Madi's road to the rainy mountains and the house of dawn, the traditional culture of Indian is publicized by telling stories. It is an aesthetic process for the home. This is the understanding of the traditional spirit of Indian. If nature is no longer the background of the story, but when nature is no longer the background of the story, the talent can truly understand the regional perception and eventually to Dafoe when nature is no longer the background of the story, but is the guide to guide human beings to know their own identity and understand their own history and culture.
One of the main conditions of survival, the link of food, the harmonious coexistence of animals and human beings, and the common interest in life, fully reflect the deep influence of the traditional culture of the Aboriginal people on the ecological situation. The most obvious expression of the animal ethics in the cultural representation is the prandial fairy story which is widely circulated among the ethnic groups. All things are interrelated, the principle of reciprocity, the adherence to the principle of reciprocity, and the true belief in the pranks of the pranks in the heart can indeed play the role of enlightenment and change. In the creation of contemporary American indigenous novels, the prandial elves full of comic colors provide a unique perspective for readers to understand their interdependence with the external world. The contemporary American indigenous writers, such as Louise Oderich, Gerald Wiese, and Thomas Kim, stick to the traditional narration, and write the education between the mediators between the human and the animals, the mediator between culture and nature, the mischievous spirit, the correction of errors in the laughter and the educational values of the readers.
The practice of ecocriticism, which is mainly characterized by anthropocentrism, aims at the pursuit of eco holism, but for the native people of North America, this is an ancient wisdom that has already passed through the practice of the ancestors and has been working hard to inherit it. When western philosophers have been meditating and debating in an endless two yuan confrontation, the western philosophers have been debating. The Native Americans express and practice their view of the universe and the spirit of spirit through the way of their body and practice, and construct the harmonious holy ring of harmony between heaven and man. The mythology and legends which the ancestors created and circulated become the prototype of the study and reference of the contemporary indigenous writers, which, like the storytellers in the traditional culture, passed through the modern context. The ritualistic and mystical narration inherits and spreads the idea of the ancestor. They regard everything as a cobweb as a whole, and the breakage of any spider's line causes the whole web to be tilted and damaged. This belief helps the individual and the whole tribe to achieve a long-term harmony with the natural environment. The ecological wisdom that conforms to nature is undoubtedly of great practical significance for today's global ecological crisis.
【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：I712.074

【参考文献】