默多克小说《大海啊大海》中的逃避主义

发布时间：2018-09-13 09:24

【摘要】：默多克是二战后英国杰出的小说家兼哲学家，其小说具有深厚的哲学底蕴和内涵。她通过小说传达自己的哲学和伦理观念，即善和无我。其主要代表作有获1978年布克奖的小说《大海啊大海》、《黑王子》、《断头》等。本文主要通过分析《大海啊大海》里人物的逃避爱、自由与现实的方式以及原因，说明逃避的根源与自然、文化、心理因素之间的关系，阐述存在主义哲学观点对作者的影响以及在作品中的体现，即人的存在、人对自由的选择和逃避本能。作者认为，逃避并不能改变人的困境，只有通过善和无我，人才能够真正看清现实，得到爱，实现自由。全文共分为四章，第一章主要分析小说中的人物逃避爱的方式和表现。本文认为自欺、嫉妒与羡慕、猜疑是人们获得爱的绊脚石。自欺不同于说谎，自欺从本质上是一种意识的统一，是意识对自己的谎言。嫉妒与羡慕不同，虽然二者都会产生恐惧、不安等情绪。羡慕指的是渴望拥有被嫉妒身上特有的品质或者物品，而嫉妒是担心已有之物被人夺走而产生的强烈情感。猜疑使人们之间的隔阂加深。第二章分析小说中主要人物逃避自由的方式和表现，主要为权威主义、破坏倾向和依恋。权威主义有两种实现方式，一是服从权威，二是将自己塑造成权威，而权威主义中最极端的是施虐和受虐。无论是将自己变成权威还是依附权威，都是为了逃避作为独立个体所需要承担的焦虑和绝对自由带来的虚无、无力感。存在主义心理分析学派认为爱生是人的第一潜能，而当环境极度恶劣，人的第一潜能受到严重抑制时，就会表现出破坏性。第三章分析小说中主要人物逃避现实的方式和表现。本文认为自私、错觉以及自我主义是妨碍人认清现实的障碍。自私的人受困于自我的牢笼，无法对自己、他人、外在世界有客观真实的认识，因为自我、私欲会使人的认知发生扭曲，无法对现实有客观、全面的了解。自私和错觉还会导致自我主义或者唯我，唯我论者只关注自己，忽略他人的存在和感受，只关注自己的内心世界，根据自己的意愿构建内在现实。第四章侧重于从自然、文化、心理等方面探讨逃避的根源，以及逃避的作用。逃避是人类的本能，，是自然给予所有生物的自我保护机制。然而与其他生物相比，人类因其独特的认知和思考能力，还承担着存在带来的焦虑与恐惧，尤其是在宗教的影响日渐式微的时候，上帝和神的缺失意味着统一的价值观的缺失，现代人更面临着虚无主义的困扰。文化是人类在逃避自然过程中的产物，另一方面也促成并加剧了人类的逃避的本能。作为一种特殊的存在，人有多种需求，而需求受挫也会导致逃避。逃避如同安慰剂，能够给暂时缓解焦虑中，也给夹在本我和超我的双重压力下的自我一个喘息的空间。
[Abstract]:Rupert Murdoch is an outstanding British novelist and philosopher after World War II. Through her novels, she conveys her philosophical and ethical ideas, that is, good and no self. His main masterpieces are the 1978 Booker Prize in the novel "the Sea", "Prince Black", "broken head" and so on. By analyzing the ways and reasons for the characters to escape from love, freedom and reality in "the Sea, O Sea", this paper explains the relationship between the root of escape and natural, cultural and psychological factors. This paper expounds the influence of existentialist philosophy on the author and its embodiment in his works, that is, the existence of man, the choice of freedom and the instinct of escape. The author believes that escape can not change people's plight, only through good and no self, people can truly see the reality, get love, and realize freedom. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter mainly analyzes the ways and manifestations of the characters in the novel to escape love. This paper argues that self-deception, envy and envy, suspicion are the stumbling blocks of love. Self-deception is different from lying. Self-deception is essentially a unity of consciousness and a lie of consciousness to itself. Jealousy is different from envy, although both produce emotions such as fear, unease, etc. Envy refers to the desire to possess qualities or objects characteristic of being jealous, and jealousy is a strong feeling for fear of being taken away. Suspicion deepens the gulf between people. The second chapter analyzes the main characters' ways and manifestations of escaping freedom, mainly authoritarianism, destructive tendency and attachment. There are two ways to realize authoritarianism, one is to obey authority, the other is to portray oneself as authority, and the most extreme of authoritarianism is abuse and masochism. Whether it is to become authority or to cling to authority, it is to escape the anxiety and absolute freedom that need to be undertaken as an independent individual, the sense of nothingness and powerlessness. Existentialist psychoanalysis school believes that love is the first potential of human beings, but when the environment is extremely bad, people's first potential is severely suppressed, it will be destructive. The third chapter analyzes the main characters in the novel escapism and performance. This paper argues that selfishness, illusion and egoism are obstacles to the realization of reality. Selfish people are trapped in the cage of their own, unable to have an objective and real understanding of themselves, others, and the outside world, because ego and selfish desires will distort people's cognition and will not have an objective and comprehensive understanding of reality. Selfishness and illusion also lead to egoism or solipsism, solipsism only pays attention to oneself, neglects the existence and feeling of others, only pays attention to the inner world of oneself, and constructs reality according to one's own will. The fourth chapter focuses on the nature, culture, psychology and other aspects of the root causes of escape, as well as the role of escape. Escape is a human instinct, a self-protective mechanism that nature gives to all living things. However, compared with other living things, human beings, because of their unique cognitive and thinking abilities, also bear the anxiety and fear brought about by existence, especially when the influence of religion is declining, the absence of God and God means the absence of unified values. Modern people are confronted with the problem of nihilism. Culture is the product of human escape from nature, on the other hand, it promotes and intensifies the human instinct to escape. As a special existence, people have a variety of needs, and the frustration of demand will lead to escape. Escape, like a placebo, can give temporary relief to anxiety, but also a breathing space for the ego caught in the pressure of the ego and the superego.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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