精神荒原与知识分子祛魅—生态批评视域中的《历史人物》

发布时间：2018-10-21 11:38

【摘要】：《历史人物》(1975)是英国著名学者、学院小说作家马尔科姆·布拉德伯里的代表作，此书自出版以来受到广泛关注和好评。在这部小说中，布拉德伯里塑造了一个激进而自私的社会学教授,通过他的故事反映了战后校园知识分子空虚、堕落的生活状态，传达了作家的社会批评意识。《历史人物》实际上揭示了当代知识分子的真实面目，他们已经渐渐褪去了自身原有的那份“魅力”，显现出他们的精神荒原。道德危机的出现和自身魅力的消失使得校园知识分子这一特殊群体失去了自产生以来一直特有的追求精神，也体现出作者对身在其中的知识分子这个阶层的焦虑。学术界对精神生态以及知识分子理论的研究由来已久，如鲁枢元、朱利安·本达等，也不乏用精神生态和知识分子理论对文学文本的分析，关于《历史人物》也有一定的研究。本文以《历史人物》为研究对象，运用精神生态及知识分子理论，从学术、道德、精神三个层面，对小说中的当代知识分子的精神与道德危机进行探讨。在学术方面，《历史人物》中的霍华德迎合大众世俗的口味，将学术商业化，把学术看成是取得商业成功的工具，失去了知识分子自由独立的精神；而弗劳拉将学术生活化，把学术看成了生活的一部分，利用学术满足自己的欲望，使学术失去了它的严肃性。相反，亨利在学术方面严谨正规，却被边缘化，得不到大家的认可。被边缘化的何止是个体，还有他所代表的学术精神。在道德方面，，霍华德堪称利用别人的恶棍。他的感情世界一片荒芜，私人生活非常腐败，体现了个人道德上的肉欲主义倾向。他对学生对朋友没有爱护关心，反而利用他们，满足私欲。弗劳拉也拿着做研究的名义满足自己的私欲，使道德具有功利主义倾向。而道德端正的亨利却老是受伤，成为社会道德败坏和他者化的牺牲品，与上面两个使自己受制于欲望和异化道德的家伙形成对照。知识分子在学术和道德上的异化导致了他们精神方面的异化。《历史人物》中的知识分子变成了体制的迎合者，失去了独立自由精神，同时也缺失了批判精神。而知识分子精神的缺失导致大学精神的式微。本文通过分析《历史人物》中知识分子学术、道德和精神的异化，反应了作家所处时代人们内心的空虚、堕落、疯狂和荒谬。
[Abstract]:Historical figures (1975) is the masterpiece of Malcolm Bradbury, a famous British scholar and academic novelist. In this novel, Bradbury portrays a radical and selfish professor of sociology who, through his story, reflects the emptiness and depravity of postwar campus intellectuals. Historical figures actually reveal the true features of contemporary intellectuals, who have gradually lost their original "charm" and revealed their spiritual wasteland. With the emergence of moral crisis and the disappearance of its own charm, the special group of campus intellectuals has lost its unique pursuit spirit since its emergence, and it also reflects the anxiety of the intellectuals in the school. The academic circles have been studying the spiritual ecology and intellectual theory for a long time, such as Lu Shuyuan, Julian Bender and so on, and there is no lack of the analysis of literary texts with spiritual ecology and intellectual theory, and there is also some research on Historical people. Based on the theory of spiritual ecology and intellectuals, this paper discusses the spiritual and moral crisis of contemporary intellectuals in the novel from three aspects: academic, moral and spiritual. On the academic side, Howard in Historical figures caters to the mundane tastes of the masses, commercializing it as a tool for commercial success and losing the intellectual spirit of freedom and independence. Regard the academic as a part of life, use it to satisfy one's own desire, make the academic lose its seriousness. Henry, on the other hand, was scholarly rigorous, but marginalized and unrecognized. The marginalized are not only individuals, but also the academic spirit he represents. In moral terms, Howard can be regarded as the use of other people's villains. His emotional world is desolate and his private life is very corrupt, reflecting his personal moral carnal tendencies. Instead of caring for his friends, he took advantage of them to satisfy his desires. Flora also took the name of doing research to satisfy his own selfish desire, so that morality has a utilitarian tendency. But the moral Henry is always injured, become the victim of social moral deterioration and otherness, in contrast to the above two who subject themselves to desire and alienation of morality. The intellectual's dissimilation in the academic and moral aspects leads to their spiritual alienation. The intellectuals in Historical figures become the pander to the system, lose the spirit of independence and freedom, and at the same time, they also lack the spirit of criticism. The lack of intellectual spirit leads to the decline of university spirit. By analyzing the intellectual's academic, moral and spiritual alienation, this paper reflects the emptiness, depravity, madness and absurdity of the writer's time.
【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I561.074

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