论惠特曼的城市想象与生态意识
发布时间：2018-11-19 21:46
【摘要】：沃尔特·惠特曼(1819—1892)是十九世纪美国最重要的作家之一。关于惠特曼的生态思想,学界有若干研究,但多着眼于惠特曼的自然作品,鲜有人以城市为文本对惠特曼的生态意识进行系统解析。本文拟从生态批评的角度对惠特曼的诗歌及散文作品中的城市书写进行解读,进一步论述其中蕴含的城市生态意识。 十九世纪的美国处于工业革命和城市化浪潮之中,受欧洲浪漫主义思想影响,美国知识分子中产生了一股反对城市化的思潮,例如梭罗等人认为城市割断了人与自然的联系,使人与人之间产生隔阂,他们呼吁人们应该远离城市凝听自然的声音,获得大自然的启示。在这股反城市化的浪潮中,惠特曼是个例外。惠特曼歌颂自然,但并不因对自然的热爱而抵触城市发展。他的生态意识并不仅仅体现为对城市发展带来的环境问题进行批评和讽谏,或者抨击揭露城市中的冷漠人情与交流隔阂,而是更加深入地对城市中人类与自然、自我与他人以及个人与自我之间的关系进行思考,试图体悟出使自然运转与城市发展彼此促进、个体与他人和谐相处的途径。 惠特曼在其城市想象中展现的充满生态气息与和谐氛围的城市形象,即是他城市生态思想的具体表露。惠特曼笔下的城市不是横亘于人与自然之间的障碍,反而蕴含着来自自然的声音,促进人类与自然环境的交流与融合。此外,城市还是个体与他人交流的重要桥梁。城市不仅为生活于其中的个体与他人提供了交流的平台,还促使人们跨越区域限制进行交流,最终建立了超越时空限制的亲密联系。在城市中,人类不是自然环境的主宰者,而是体验者。通过对自然环境的体验,惠特曼在城市化视野内重新对自我进行认知和定位,将个体自我与整个生态环境等同,建构出一个普遍性与特殊性兼具的生态自我。惠特曼的城市是一个由人造环境与自然环境共同构成的多圈层的复合生态系统,其中的各个圈层既相互独立,又彼此交织,构成了和谐的生态复调。惠特曼从宏观角度对环境进行审视,将生态环境的范畴由单纯的自然环境扩展至整个城市空间。他在对城市的探索中采用生态整体主义视角,强调维护整个生态系统的和谐与稳定。 时至今日,城市化已经成为全世界的共同议题。惠特曼对人类与自然之间和谐关系的探寻,为我们解决伴随城市化出现的一些问题也带来一些有益的启示。
[Abstract]:Walter Whitman (1819-1892) is one of the most important American writers in the nineteenth century. There are some studies on Whitman's ecological thoughts, but most of them focus on Whitman's natural works. Few people analyze Whitman's ecological consciousness systematically in the text of city. This paper intends to interpret Whitman's poems and prose on urban writing from the angle of ecological criticism, and further discuss the urban ecological consciousness contained therein. In the nineteenth century, the United States was in the midst of the industrial revolution and the tide of urbanization. Influenced by European romanticism, American intellectuals had a trend of thought against urbanization, such as Thoreau and others who thought that cities cut off the connection between man and nature. They call for people to stay away from the city and listen to the sound of nature. Whitman is an exception to this wave of anti-urbanisation. Whitman praises nature, but does not resist urban development because of her love of nature. His ecological consciousness is not only for criticizing and criticizing the environmental problems brought about by the development of the city, or for criticizing and exposing the cold feelings and communication estrangement in the city, but for being more deeply towards the human being and the nature in the city. The relationship between self and others and between individual and self is considered in order to realize the way to promote each other between natural operation and urban development and to get along with others harmoniously. Whitman's city image, which is full of ecological breath and harmonious atmosphere, is the concrete manifestation of his urban ecological thought. Whitman's city is not a barrier between man and nature, but contains a sound from nature to promote the communication and integration between human and natural environment. In addition, the city is also an important bridge between individuals and others. Cities not only provide a platform for individuals living in them to communicate with others, but also promote people to communicate across regional restrictions, and finally establish close ties beyond the limits of time and space. In cities, man is not the master of the natural environment, but the experiencer. Through the experience of the natural environment, Whitman re-recognized and positioned himself in the vision of urbanization, and constructed an ecological self with both universality and particularity by equating the individual self with the whole ecological environment. Whitman's city is a complex ecosystem composed of artificial environment and natural environment, each of which is independent and intertwined with each other, forming a harmonious ecological polyphony. Whitman examines the environment from the macro point of view and extends the category of ecological environment from the pure natural environment to the whole urban space. In his exploration of the city, he adopted the perspective of ecological holism and emphasized the maintenance of harmony and stability of the whole ecosystem. Today, urbanization has become a common issue all over the world. Whitman's exploration of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature brings us some useful enlightenment to solve some problems that accompany urbanization.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.06
本文编号：2343511
[Abstract]:Walter Whitman (1819-1892) is one of the most important American writers in the nineteenth century. There are some studies on Whitman's ecological thoughts, but most of them focus on Whitman's natural works. Few people analyze Whitman's ecological consciousness systematically in the text of city. This paper intends to interpret Whitman's poems and prose on urban writing from the angle of ecological criticism, and further discuss the urban ecological consciousness contained therein. In the nineteenth century, the United States was in the midst of the industrial revolution and the tide of urbanization. Influenced by European romanticism, American intellectuals had a trend of thought against urbanization, such as Thoreau and others who thought that cities cut off the connection between man and nature. They call for people to stay away from the city and listen to the sound of nature. Whitman is an exception to this wave of anti-urbanisation. Whitman praises nature, but does not resist urban development because of her love of nature. His ecological consciousness is not only for criticizing and criticizing the environmental problems brought about by the development of the city, or for criticizing and exposing the cold feelings and communication estrangement in the city, but for being more deeply towards the human being and the nature in the city. The relationship between self and others and between individual and self is considered in order to realize the way to promote each other between natural operation and urban development and to get along with others harmoniously. Whitman's city image, which is full of ecological breath and harmonious atmosphere, is the concrete manifestation of his urban ecological thought. Whitman's city is not a barrier between man and nature, but contains a sound from nature to promote the communication and integration between human and natural environment. In addition, the city is also an important bridge between individuals and others. Cities not only provide a platform for individuals living in them to communicate with others, but also promote people to communicate across regional restrictions, and finally establish close ties beyond the limits of time and space. In cities, man is not the master of the natural environment, but the experiencer. Through the experience of the natural environment, Whitman re-recognized and positioned himself in the vision of urbanization, and constructed an ecological self with both universality and particularity by equating the individual self with the whole ecological environment. Whitman's city is a complex ecosystem composed of artificial environment and natural environment, each of which is independent and intertwined with each other, forming a harmonious ecological polyphony. Whitman examines the environment from the macro point of view and extends the category of ecological environment from the pure natural environment to the whole urban space. In his exploration of the city, he adopted the perspective of ecological holism and emphasized the maintenance of harmony and stability of the whole ecosystem. Today, urbanization has become a common issue all over the world. Whitman's exploration of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature brings us some useful enlightenment to solve some problems that accompany urbanization.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.06
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