《小狐狸》会话中性别差异的语用分析

发布时间：2019-01-03 06:47

【摘要】：语言的性别差异是社会语言学研究的重要组成部分，它在国内外受到人们的关注。语用学作为语言学的一个分支，主要研究语言使用中的意义，即特定语境中语言意义是如何产生和被理解的以及在交际中如何选择正确的语言形式和语言策略。近年来，随着这两门学科的研究范围、对象和方法的动态发展，特别是语用学和社会语言学的结合，语言性别差异的语用分析也受到人们的关注。然而运用语用学的理论对戏剧对话进行性别差异的分析还是一个新的尝试。本文运用语用学中格莱斯的合作原则，利奇的礼貌原则及布朗、莱文森的面子保护理论对莉莲·海尔曼的剧本《小狐狸》中的会话进行了性别差异的分析。作者基于上述理论的研究成果从戏剧中选出了十七段男女对话，采用的是定性的研究方法，主要分析男女人物在会话中所表现出来的在遵守，违反或使用上述原则方面的差异,并尝试着对造成差异的原因进行分析。通过研究发现，戏剧《小狐狸》中的男性和女性在遵守或违反合作原则，礼貌原则和应用面子保全理论方面确实存在不同。具体而言，女性在会话中往往能够很好地遵守合作原则并且通过提供足够的相关的信息促使会话顺利进行。尽管有时女性出于一些原因会违反合作原则中的方式和质量准则，但当她们在违反这两个原则时会使用一些比较礼貌的方式，例如模糊语，附加疑问句,一些特殊的句子和词汇等。而男性通常在会话中违反合作原则，他们说的话过长、过短或提供不相关的、错误的信息，从而使会话不能顺利进行或中断。在礼貌原则方面，女性倾向于遵守礼貌原则，但有时也会违反其中的得体和大方准则、一致和同情准则，但她们会像违反合作原则中方式和质量准则一样采取一些礼貌的方式来表达所说的内容。而男性则倾向以违反礼貌原则，他们在会话中会导致别人的损失，不同意别人的意见，不赞誉别人，不同情别人或者使用祈使句和命令句。在面子保全理论方面，女性在会话中通常考虑别人的面子并且尽量不做威胁他人面子的行为，当确实威胁了他人的面子时，她们会采用保全面子的措施(补救措施)，例如积极礼貌，消极礼貌或者是不公开的面子威胁行为，以减小或补偿给他人造成的面子威胁。但男性常常在性别会话中做出威胁他人面子的行为却不给出任何的补救措施。本文还从男性和女性不同的社会地位、角色和不同的心里特点就产生男女会话差异的原因进行了分析。此外，结合剧作家的生活背景及戏剧《小狐狸》的具体时代背景，分析了造成剧中男女人物会话出现不同的原因。通过上述分析，将语用学的理论应用到戏剧作品的研究中，一方面拓宽了戏剧《小狐狸》的研究视角，，揭示一些其他文学分析未能很好涉及的戏剧因素，有利于加深对剧作家艺术创作技巧的认识；另一方面，帮助人们更好地理解男女在会话过程中所使用的不同策略，加深我们对自己和自身性别的认识，从而有利于促进跨性别的交际和两性之间的和谐对话。
[Abstract]:The gender difference of language is an important part of the study of sociolinguistics, and it is concerned at home and abroad. As a branch of linguistics, pragmatics is the main study of the significance of the use of language, that is, how the language meaning in a specific context is generated and understood, and how to choose the correct language form and language strategy in the communication. In recent years, with the research scope, object and method of these two subjects, the dynamic development of objects and methods, in particular the combination of pragmatics and sociolinguistics, is also concerned by the analysis of language gender differences. However, using the theory of pragmatics to analyze the gender difference in the drama dialogue is still a new attempt. This paper uses the principle of Gales' cooperation in pragmatics, the politeness principle of Liqi, and the face protection theory of Brown and Levenson. Based on the research results of the above-mentioned theories, the author selected 17 male and female dialogues from the drama, and adopted a qualitative research method, which mainly analyzes the differences in the observance, the violation or the use of the above-mentioned principles in the conversation of the men and women. and try to analyze the cause of the difference The study found that male and female in the play did not exist in respect of or in violation of the principle of co-operation, the principle of civility and the application of the theory of face preservation. In particular, women are often able to adhere well to the principle of cooperation in the session and to facilitate the smooth advancement of the session through the provision of sufficient information lines. Although sometimes women violate the way and quality guidelines in the principle of cooperation for some reason, when they violate these two principles, they use a number of more polite ways, such as fuzziness, additional questions, special sentences and words. A man usually violates the principle of co-operation in a session, saying the words are too long, too short, or provided with irrelevant, erroneous information, so that the session cannot go on smoothly or in the middle. On the principle of courtesy, women tend to follow the principles of courtesy, but sometimes violate the principles of propriety and generosity, consistency and compassion, but they will act in a polite way, as in the principles of cooperation and quality, to express what is said. A man tends to violate the principle of politeness, which in the conversation can lead to the loss of others, do not agree with others, do not praise others, do not sympathize with others, or use imperative sentences and orders In the aspect of the theory of face preservation, women usually consider the face of others and try not to threaten the face of others, and when they do threaten the face of others, they will take measures to preserve the face (remedial measures), such as positive gifts. A face-threatening act that is not public, to reduce or compensate for the face of others. But men often make a threat to others in a gender session and do not give any remedy In this paper, the reasons for the difference of the male and female's session are also discussed from the different social status, role and different psychological characteristics of the male and female. In addition, in combination with the background of the playwright's life and the specific background of the drama , this paper analyzes the differences in the conversation between the men and women in the play. The reason is that, through the above-mentioned analysis, the theory of pragmatics is applied to the study of the drama works, on the one hand, the research angle of the drama, the small fox, is widened, and it is revealed that some other literary analysis fails to be well involved in the drama factor, which is conducive to deepening the artistic creation skill of the dramatist. On the other hand, to help people better understand the different strategies used by men and women in the course of the session, to deepen our understanding of themselves and to their gender, thereby contributing to the promotion of cross-gender and gender-based and gender-based communication
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：I712.073;H313

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