自文艺复兴以来西方思想的总体走向及对20世纪西方思想与文论的总概括与展望

发布时间：2019-02-17 21:16

【摘要】：人文主义与科学主义的兴起及其相互关系的变化与它们的形态、位置的更动,是自中世纪末至当代的西方思想发展贯穿始终的基始性矛盾。文艺复兴是西方社会现代进程的萌生期,启蒙运动则是现代进程的正式启动。科学从中世纪神学束缚中挣脱出来获得发展的历史情状,在哲学上产生了笛卡尔"我思故我在"的命题。启蒙运动带来了法国大革命。人的解放不仅是启蒙运动制造的大叙事,而且是真实的历史过程。在这个过程中,科学主义与人文主义是相伴而生、相互为用、共同抗争的两股思潮。因了人的发现,而加速了科学的发展;科学的发展,使人得到解放,升华了人的伟大。两者都以理性为灵魂。而黑格尔的思辨大叙事,其实正是以哲学的形式对于理性的肯定,是理性能够达到的高度之体现,是理性主宰世界的标志。在科学主义与人文主义联合作战、相伴长大的阶段中,它们不同的思维方式、情感取向、价值观就已经显示了殊异,产生了矛盾,并且已经被启蒙主义思想家发现了。人文主义也有其走向反面的因素,这早在文艺复兴时期就已经表现出来了。这就是人的发现与重视现世生活的观念造成了生活的放纵与极端的个人主义。当普遍理性在欧洲随着拿破仑的军队的推进而获得胜利时,它也产生了自己的否定因素:"民族"这个概念日益抬头。"民族"是重视自我特殊性、重视传统的,而传统中是有着信仰的、非理性的成分的。这样,它就与普遍理性、绝对理念相对立了。对理性的否定因素,更重要的还在于所谓"理性社会"本身之并不理性。这样,那个高悬的、人的存在都需要它来证明的"理性",就难以再被接受。对"我思故我在"命题的批判与纠正,成为西方哲学的一个新的起点。理性的中心地位与升华了的人,在科学主义与人文主义的彼此斗争及各自自身的调整中,均遭瓦解。于是,一个反向的运动又在萌动发展了。虽然可以以19世纪中叶为界,将自文艺复兴以来的西方思想划分为两个阶段,但它们之间的一贯性还是相当显著的。如果用一句话来对之加以概括,即这是科学理性与人文主义从联合作战、相伴长大到差异增大、矛盾显现、相互调节,再到各自取得其新的形态,获得新的位置的过程。这一过程在21世纪还会继续展开下去。20世纪西方文论对于文学运动缺少综合的、整体的把握,局部性强,宏观气局与整体性不足,史感缺乏,形式分析、阅读理论与作品存在论多,而文学史理论与创作论少、文体论软弱。因而,建立一个融中西思想文化之长、兼具哲学性与文学的特殊性的新的文学理论,乃成为一个迫切而重要的任务。
[Abstract]:The rise of humanism and scientism, the change of their mutual relations and the change of their forms and positions are the basic contradictions that the development of western thought from the end of the Middle Ages to the present age has been through all the time. The Renaissance is the initiation period of the modern process of the western society, and the Enlightenment is the official start of the modern process. From the shackles of medieval theology, science broke free from the historical situation of development, and gave rise to the proposition of Descartes "I think, therefore I am" in philosophy. The Enlightenment brought the French Revolution. The liberation of man is not only a great narrative created by the Enlightenment, but also a true historical process. In this process, scientism and humanism are two trends of thought. The discovery of man accelerates the development of science, and the development of science liberates man and sublimates his greatness. Both take reason as the soul. Hegel's speculative narrative, in fact, is the philosophical form of the affirmation of reason, is a high degree of rationality can be achieved, is the symbol of reason dominating the world. In the joint battle of scientism and humanism, their different ways of thinking, emotional orientation, and values have already shown differences, produced contradictions, and have been discovered by enlightening thinkers. Humanism has its own negative factors, which have been shown in the Renaissance. This is the discovery of human beings and the importance of the concept of life led to the indulgence of life and extreme individualism. When universal reason triumphed in Europe with Napoleon's army, it also produced its own negation: the growing concept of "nation". " The nation pays attention to its own particularity and tradition, which has faith and irrationality. In this way, it is opposed to universal rationality and absolute concept. What is more important is that the rational society itself is irrational. In this way, the high-hanging, human existence needs it to prove the "rationality", it is difficult to accept. The criticism and correction of the proposition of "I think, therefore I am" has become a new starting point of western philosophy. The central position and sublimation of reason have been disintegrated in the struggle between scientism and humanism and their own adjustment. Thus, a reverse movement in the germinating development. Although the western thought since the Renaissance can be divided into two stages, the consistency between them is quite remarkable. If we generalize it in one sentence, that is, it is the process of scientific rationality and humanism from joint operation, growing up with each other to increasing differences, showing contradictions, adjusting each other, and then getting its new form and new position. This process will continue in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the western literary theory lacked a comprehensive, holistic and localized approach to the literary movement, a lack of macro qi and integrity, a lack of a sense of history, and a formal analysis. There are many theories of reading and works, but few theories of literary history and creation, and weak theory of stylistics. Therefore, it is an urgent and important task to establish a new literary theory which combines the strong points of Chinese and Western ideology and culture and the particularity of both philosophy and literature.
【作者单位】：苏州大学文学院;
【分类号】：I109

【共引文献】