《白鲸》与个人正义

发布时间：2019-07-05 14:34

【摘要】：19世纪中叶美国作家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的代表作《白鲸》是美国文学中一部伟大的表现人与自然世界斗争的象征性小说。小说处处充瀛着作者对人类命运、人类遭受的苦难以及人与自然之间关系深邃的哲学思考。本篇论文旨在依据古希腊哲学家柏拉图提出的关于理念和个人正义的理论,从哲学角度上对其思想主题进行一番探讨。通过对以实玛利、亚哈以及象征激进美国人的披谷德号灵魂中的理性、激情、欲望,以及相互间的关系和产生的相应的结果的分析,揭示保持个人的正义对于人们在这个残酷的世界中存活的重要性。正如柏拉图所言,灵魂有三个组成部分,即理性,激情和欲望。理性是认识世界本质的能力。世界是由理念构成的,各种理念是相互关联着的,因此认识理念之间的关系有助于人们进一步加深对世界的理解,更加接近真理。因而能够正确的把握不同理念之间的联系是理性的一种体现。另外,个人的正义要求灵魂三要素之间保持平衡,欲望和激情在理性的统治下为整个灵魂的健康和谐服务。同时,柏拉图也提出个人的正义可以帮助人们获得最真实的快乐。本篇论文一共有三章。第一章分析了理性及其在以实玛利,亚哈身上的体现以及相应的结果。前者的理性主要体现在他能够正确的把握人与人,人与自然,以及命运三要素之间的关系。这样的理性使得他重建了男性气质。后者理性的缺失体现在他无法正确认识这些理念之间的关系,导致了他孤独的生存和毁灭。第二章分析了激情及其与灵魂中另外两个要素的关系在以实玛利和亚哈身上的体现以及相应的结果。前者的激情在理性的控制下抵制欲望的诱惑,并将追求真理作为其目标,因此他成为爱智者,获得智慧和勇气两种美德,重获新生。后者的激情受欲望控制,使其成为爱利者和爱敬者,并由此机器化,远离最真实的快乐。第三章分析了欲望及其与理性的关系在以实玛利,亚哈身上,以及披谷德号上的体现以及相应的结果。前者的欲望受理性的支配,由此以实玛利获得节制这种美德以及内心的平衡,而后者的欲望控制了理性并将其作为满足自身的工具,导致亚哈由一个充满人性的人转变为一个孤独的流浪汉。而披谷德号由于其欲望的炽热,遭遇了毁灭的命运。由此可见,以实玛利的灵魂三个部分相互协调,获得了个人正义,并且在这场大灾难中成为唯一的幸存者,而亚哈和披谷德号,灵魂是不正义的,并且最终遭遇毁灭的噩运。通过对这三者灵魂及其命运的研究,我们可以得到这样一个启示,即要想在这个充满诱惑的世界中存活下来,人们需要保持个人的正义性,维持灵魂三要素的和谐。这也是赫尔曼麦尔维尔和柏拉图共同给人类指引的一条拯救之道。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the 19th century, the representative of American writer Herman Melville, the white whale, is a great symbolic novel in American literature for the struggle of man and nature. The novel is filled with the author's philosophical thinking about the fate of mankind, the suffering of mankind and the relationship between man and nature. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the subject of the thought from the angle of philosophy, based on the theory of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato's theory of concept and personal justice. Through the analysis of the reason, the passion, the desire, and the correlation between the spirit of Ishmael, Ahab and the soul of the radical American, the importance of keeping the individual's justice for the survival of people in this cruel world is revealed. As Plato said, the soul has three components, namely, reason, passion and desire. Reason is the ability to recognize the essence of the world. The world is composed of the concept, and the various ideas are interrelated, so the relationship between the idea and the concept can help people to further deepen the understanding of the world and get closer to the truth. Therefore, it is a reflection of reason that the relationship between different ideas can be grasped correctly. In addition, the justice of the individual requires the balance between the three elements of the soul, the desire and the passion for the healthy and harmonious service of the whole soul under the rule of reason. At the same time, Plato's personal justice can help people get the most true happiness. There are three articles in this paper Chapter one analyses the reason and its expression in Ishmael, Ahab, and the corresponding knot. The former is mainly embodied in the close relationship between man and man, man and nature, and fate. Department. This reason makes him rebuild the man's gas. The lack of the latter's reason is reflected in his inability to correctly understand the relationship between these ideas, resulting in his solitary existence and destruction. The second chapter analyses the relationship between the passion and the other two elements in the soul in the form of Ishmael and Ahab, as well as the corresponding knot. The former's passion is to resist the temptation of the desire under the control of reason and to make the pursuit of the truth as its goal, so he becomes a wise man, with the two virtues of wisdom and courage, and the new one. The latter's passion is controlled by the desire to become the love and the love, and to the machine, away from the most true and fast The third chapter analyses the desire and its relationship with reason in Ishmael, Ahab, and the expression of the Beatrice and the corresponding knot. The former's desire is governed by reason, so that Ishmael's desire to control this virtue and the balance of the heart, and the latter's desire to control and use it as a tool to satisfy itself, has led to the transformation of Ahab from a man of human nature to a lonely vagrant. A man of the power of his desire, and a life of destruction. It can be seen that the three parts of the soul of Ishmael, in coordination with each other, gained personal justice and became the only survivor in the great disaster, and the spirit of Ahab and the Aladda was unjust and eventually destroyed. Through the study of these three souls and their fate, we can get a revelation that we want to survive in this tempest world, and people need to keep the justice of the individual and maintain the three elements of the soul. Harmony. It's also one of Hermann's and Plato's common guidance to the human race.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：I712.074

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