试论十九世纪意大利真实主义歌剧的艺术特征

发布时间：2019-06-20 08:13

【摘要】：十九世纪意大利真实主义歌剧,尽管在思想深度上不能与文学相比,并带有真实主义思潮的缺陷——热衷于局部细节的渲染,缺乏广阔而深刻的社会含义,但在欧洲音乐史上,它曾经一度成为歌剧的主流,直到今天都有一定的影响。真实主义歌剧在意大利乃至欧洲歌剧的发展史上产生了不可忽视的影响。对它作全面深入的研究有重要意义。本文分为五个部分。第一部分是绪论,着重从真实主义歌剧的产生、真实主义歌剧研究现状的概括和研究意义进行阐述。尝试由时代背景、文学思潮的助力、内在因素等三个方面对真实主义歌剧的产生进行总结,指出真实主义歌剧出现的必然性；然后从基于特征的一般描述和基于单个作家的研究两个方面对真实主义歌剧研究现状进行了总结归纳；指出真实主义歌剧作为19世纪意大利及西方世界特定社会、历史、文化合力作用的结果,携带着丰富的人类思想发展以及文化艺术流变选择的信息,可以说,真实主义歌剧从其诞生、发展及衰落,都是意大利社会文化发展起伏的另类显现。第二部分从戏剧特征、音乐特征、审美特征对真实主义歌剧的艺术特征进行分析,在方法上主要采用文本细读和比较研究的方法,将以真实主义歌剧的代表作：玛斯卡尼的《乡村骑士》(1890)、列昂卡瓦罗的《丑角》(1892)、普契尼的《艺术家的生涯》(1894)作个案分析。第三部分对真实主义歌剧人物塑造的特征和成因进行分析,指出意大利真实主义歌剧作品并没有像启蒙主义时期那样选择宏大的历史性题材或理性话题,而是更多地将目光投向日常生活中的凡夫俗子,塑造出一批有代表性的“小人物”形象,但“小人物”有“大意义”,并且显示了对女性的赞美和对男性的批判。第四部分主要阐述了真实主义歌剧的精神价值与审美诉求,指出真实主义歌剧具有浓重的悲剧色彩,但在平凡人物中又有喜剧色彩,整体呈现出和谐与冲突的有机结合。第五部分是结语,指出19世纪真实主义思潮开启的真实主义歌剧,以对“小人物”的关注,拉回了歌剧愈行愈远的行走方向,以真实表现生活的美丑、善恶、真假,以及真实表达人性的各种因素,在开拓歌剧题材的同时,也大大拓宽了歌剧的审美视野和精神空间,但由于真实主义歌剧在思想上和艺术上存在局限性,加上20世纪之后,音乐形式开始呈多元化趋势现代主义音乐开始流行,真实主义歌剧便逐渐淡出视野。
[Abstract]:Italian realistic opera in the 19th century, although it can not be compared with literature in ideological depth, and has the defect of realistic trend of thought-keen on the rendering of local details and lack of broad and profound social meaning, but it once became the mainstream of opera in the history of European music, and has a certain influence to this day. Realistic opera has a great influence on the development history of Italian and even European opera. It is of great significance to make a comprehensive and in-depth study of it. This paper is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction, focusing on the emergence of realistic opera, the summary of the status quo of realistic opera research and the significance of research. This paper tries to summarize the emergence of realistic opera from three aspects: the background of the times, the help of literary trend of thought and the internal factors, and points out the necessity of the emergence of realistic opera, and then sums up the present situation of the research of realistic opera from two aspects: the general description based on characteristics and the research based on a single writer. It is pointed out that realistic opera, as the result of the joint action of specific society, history and culture in Italy and the western world in the 19th century, carries rich information on the development of human thought and the evolution of culture and art. It can be said that realistic opera is an alternative manifestation of the ups and downs of Italian social and cultural development from its birth, development and decline. The second part analyzes the artistic characteristics of realistic opera from the characteristics of drama, music and aesthetics. In the method, it mainly adopts the method of careful reading and comparative study of text, and will make a case study of the representative works of realistic opera: Marskani's country Knight (1890), Leonkavaro's clown (1892) and Puccini's Artist's career (1894). The third part analyzes the characteristics and causes of realistic opera characters, and points out that Italian realistic opera works do not choose grand historical themes or rational topics as they did during the Enlightenment period, but pay more attention to ordinary people in daily life and create a group of representative "small potatoes" images, but "small potatoes" have "great significance". It also shows praise for women and criticism of men. The fourth part mainly expounds the spiritual value and aesthetic appeal of the realistic opera, and points out that the realistic opera has a strong tragic color, but it also has the comedy color in the ordinary characters, showing the organic combination of harmony and conflict as a whole. The fifth part is the conclusion, pointing out that the realistic opera opened by the realistic trend of thought in the 19th century, in order to pay attention to the "small potatoes", draws back the farther and farther the opera walks, and truly expresses the beauty and ugliness, good and evil, truth and falsehood of life, as well as various factors of true expression of human nature, which not only opens up the theme of opera, but also greatly broadens the aesthetic vision and spiritual space of opera. However, due to the ideological and artistic limitations of realistic opera, and after the 20th century, the music form began to show a pluralistic trend, modernist music began to become popular, and realistic opera gradually faded out of sight.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：J832

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