基于TMSC理论的大学生就业焦虑的行为干预研究

发布时间：2018-02-20 02:12

本文关键词： 大学生就业焦虑团体干预研究睡眠质量　出处：《南方医科大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：目的自从我国实行高校扩招以来,大学生就业压力日趋严峻,巨大的就业压力导致大学生产生不同程度的就业焦虑心理问题。如何将这种就业焦虑调整到适度的状态,使其对大学生就业发挥积极的作用,是当前刻不容缓、亟待解决的社会问题。而开展群体水平的干预研究,将心理学、行为学、健康教育学和流行病学的知识进行整合,提出科学的干预措施,无疑具有较大的研究价值和研究意义。紧张和应对互动模式(the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, TMSC模式)一种以群体为对象,对行为者进行科学的评估和干预的的行为干预模式,它可以帮助行为者在压力条件下更加自信,积极应对,而不是逃避或否认,从而找到积极的应对策略,以达到有利于自身、有利于社会的效果。本研究以TMSC模式作为理论基础,团体心理辅导作为干预形式,对我校预防医学与食品卫生专业大四大学生进行干预研究。通过对干预前后就业焦虑问卷、匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷的评估结果,探讨干预方法对大学生就业焦虑问题的改善情况,评估干预方案的短期和长期效果,为制定有针对性的行之有效的大学生就业焦虑干预模式提供参考依据。研究方法 1.制定大学生就业焦虑调查问卷并进行信效度检验 2.对某高校不同年级、不同专业的大学生开展基线调查,获得该校大学生就业焦虑及其相关因素的基线资料。 3.建立以TMSC理论作为理论基础的团体心理干预方案。 4.以我校预防医学与食品卫生专业大四学生作为研究试点对象,开展就业焦虑的团体心理干预,并评价干预效果。结果 1.大学生就业焦虑问卷的制定和信效度分析结果 (1)根据已有的相关心理卫生评定量表及文献调查结果,提出就业焦虑问卷的基本结构并进行量表项目的编制。通过预调查、课题组讨论和专家咨询,删除不合要求的项目后,形成包含19个项目的大学生就业焦虑调查问卷。 (2)通过整群随机抽样对700名我校大学生进行了问卷调查,并在调查间隔20天后,对中西医结合专业的67名学生进行重测。探索性因素分析结果显示问卷可提取出3个公因子,各条目在所属因子的负荷值在0.574～0.835之间,共解释问卷的67.052%。验证性因素分析结果显示大学生就业焦虑问卷的拟合优度指数(GFI)为0.898、规范拟合指数(NFI)为0.883、相对拟合指数(RFI)为0.898、比较拟合指数(CFI)为0.898、近似均方根残差(RMSEA)为0.094。内部一致性效度检验结果显示,各个因素之间中度相关,相关系数为0.568～0.753；而各因素与问卷总分之间相关性较高,相关系数为0.852-0.889。以上都说明问卷的结构效度与构想的是比较符合的。问卷信度检验结果显示,大学生就业焦虑问卷内部一致性信度为0.842～0.941,分半信度为0.721-0.929,重测信度为0.539～0.701,均达到统计学要求。 2.大学生就业焦虑及其相关因素的调查分析 (1)调查的700名学生中,45.7%(320人)的学生考虑深造或出国；47.4%(332人)考虑公务员、事业单位或国企就业：23.6%(165人)考虑去私企或外企；10.9%(76人)考虑创业；23.9%(167人)有其他想法或计划。利用本研究设计的就业焦虑问卷调查我校700名大学生,分析结果显示就业焦虑平均分为41.6570±12.2684。对对不同背景特质的个体做差异性检验,分析结果发现,女性就业焦虑略高于男性就业焦虑水平,但是差异没有统计学意义(P=0.420)；经济状况越差,就业焦虑越高,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)；对家庭居住地分析结果显示,居住地在城镇和农村的大学生就业焦虑较大,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.030)；对不同年级大学生就业焦虑秩和检验比较分析结果显示,随着年级的升高就业焦虑的平均秩次也随之增高,但是这种趋势没有统计学意义(P=0.506)。 (2)700名研究生中,109人(15.6%)睡眠质量状况差。对不同性别的大学生睡眠质量指数得分进行非参数检验,男性睡眠质量均分略高于女性,但没有统计学差异(P=0.615)；比较不同经济状况的大学生的就业焦虑,结果显示,经济状况越差,睡眠质量越差,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)；本文对大学生就业焦虑问卷得分与PSQI得分进行相关分析结果显示,大学生就业焦虑与睡眠质量呈正相关,秩相关系数为0.350,相关具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。 (3)由于就业焦虑,7.6%的学生抽烟喝酒；20.9%沉迷于网络；15.1%与室友或恋人关系变差；4.9%想到过自杀；6.0%出现过暴力行为,47.6%通过文娱活动来缓解就业压力。分析大学生就业焦虑程度与应对行为的关系发现,抽烟喝酒、沉迷网络、与室友或恋人的关系恶化、自杀、暴力行为这些消极的应对行为越严重,就业焦虑程度越高。 3.建立以TMSC理论作为理论基础的团体心理干预方案。团体活动共6周,每周一次,每次时间2小时,团体干预活动由初识、过渡、认识情绪和处理情绪、求职面试相关问题、生涯探索、回顾与结束等主题构成。 4.团体干预实验分析结果遵循知情同意与自愿、对照、随机分组、无害等原则,设立干预组(TMSC干预组)和对照组(非干预组)。数据分析结果显示干预组和对照组在年龄、性别、独身子女、家庭居住地等方面均无统计学差异。两组大学生就业焦虑程度、睡眠质量无统计学差异,均衡性较好。 (1)团体干预对就业焦虑程度的影响采用两独立样本秩和检验对就业焦虑进行组间比较,结果显示,干预后及干预后6个月,对照组的焦虑程度均高于干预组,但差别无统计学意义。用多个相关样本秩和检验分别对两组进行检验,分析随着时间变化,两组就业焦虑程度的变化情况。结果显示,干预组就业焦虑随时间降低,对照组逐渐增高,但差别均无统计学意义。 (2)团体干预对睡眠质量的影响采用两独立样本秩和检验对干预后及干预后6个月干预组和对照组的睡眠情况进行比较。结果显示,干预后及干预后6个月,干预组睡眠质量都优于对照组,但差别无统计学意义。用多个相关样本秩和检验分别对两组进行检验,分析随着时间变化,两组睡眠质量的变化情况。结果显示,两组总体睡眠质量变化均不显著。对照组中,睡眠持续性因子得分平均秩次随时间持续升高,差异具有统计学意义,表示随着毕业的临近,对照组睡眠持续性逐渐变差,而干预组变化平稳；对照组日间功能紊乱因子得分结果显示,前测低于后测及远期测量,差异具有统计学意义,而干预组变化平稳。相对于对照组,经过干预的团体成员在面临就业压力时,睡眠质量仍然维持在一个稳定状态。结论 1.本研究编制的大学生就业焦虑问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为对大学生就业焦虑水平进行评估的有效评价指标。 2.大学生就业焦虑与睡眠质量、应对行为相关。 3.本次团体干预能在一定程度上控制干预组大学生的就业焦虑程度,随着时间的推移,团体远期对就业焦虑的干预效果稳定。 4.团体对研究对象的睡眠质量的干预是有效的。相对于对照组,经过干预的团体成员在面临就业压力时,睡眠质量仍然维持在一个稳定状态,尤其在日间功能方面较为明显；随着时间的推移,团体对睡眠质量的远期干预效果较稳定。 5.对照组研究结果显示,临近毕业,受到就业压力的影响,大学生的身心健康有恶化的趋势,导致其就业焦虑程度升高,睡眠质量下降。 6.本次团体干预简便易行、可操作性强,易于为绝大部分大学生所接受,具有一定的推广和实践价值。但是,此次团体干预的仍存在许多的不足,需要对团队干预的时间、强度以及内容等方面再做改进。
[Abstract]:objective
Since the implementation of college enrollment, college students' employment pressure is becoming more and more serious, great employment pressure lead to college students' Employment anxiety have different degrees of psychological problems. How will the Employment anxiety adjusted to the appropriate state, the employment of college students play a positive role, is the current urgent, urgent social problems and carry out intervention. Study on the group level, the psychology, behavior, integration of health education and epidemiological knowledge, put forward the scientific intervention measures, it has great research value and research significance.
Stress and coping model (the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, TMSC) is a group, the intervention model for assessment and intervention of science of actors, it can help actors more confident under pressure, a positive response, rather than avoid or deny, in order to find positive coping in order to achieve the strategy, in favor of their own, is conducive to social effect. This research is based on the TMSC model as the theoretical basis, group counseling as a form of intervention, of our school of preventive medicine and food hygiene of major students. Through the intervention of the Employment anxiety questionnaire before and after the intervention, Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire to investigate the assessment results. The intervention method to improve the situation of College Students Employment anxiety problems, short-term and long-term effect evaluation of the intervention program, to develop targeted effective for the College Students The intervention model of industry anxiety provides a reference basis.
research method
1. make a questionnaire on the Employment Anxiety of college students and test the validity and validity of the questionnaire
2. a baseline survey was carried out for the students of different grades and different majors in a university to obtain the baseline data of the Employment anxiety and related factors of the college students.
3. to establish a group psychological intervention program based on TMSC theory.
4. a group of students majoring in preventive medicine and food hygiene in our school was used as a pilot subject to carry out group psychological intervention on Employment anxiety and to evaluate the effect of intervention.
Result
1. college students' Employment anxiety questionnaire and the results of reliability and validity analysis
(1) according to the existing mental health assessment and literature survey results, the basic structure of Employment anxiety questionnaire and scale of the project. Through the pre survey, group discussion and expert consultation project, delete unqualified project, form contains 19 items of College Students' Employment Anxiety Questionnaire.
(2) by stratified random sampling to conduct a survey of 700 college students in our university, and in 20 days interval, combination of TCM and Western medicine 67 students were retested. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire can be extracted 3 common factors, each item in the factor load values in the 0.574 to 0.835, a total of 67.052%. confirmatory factor analysis results of the questionnaire showed that College Students Employment Anxiety Questionnaire fit index (GFI) was 0.898, standard fit index (NFI) was 0.883, relative fit index (RFI) was 0.898, comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.898, the approximate RMS residual (RMSEA 0.094.) for internal consistency validity test results show that moderate correlation between various factors, the correlation coefficient is 0.568 ~ 0.753; and between the factors and the scores of high correlation, the correlation coefficient is 0.852-0.889. more than that of the structural validity of the questionnaire and structure The results of questionnaire reliability test showed that the internal consistency reliability of College Students' Employment anxiety questionnaire was 0.842 to 0.941, the split half reliability was 0.721-0.929, and the test-retest reliability was 0.539 to 0.701, all of which met the statistical requirements.
2. investigation and Analysis on Employment anxiety and related factors of College Students
(1) 700 students surveyed, 45.7% (320) of the students consider education or to go abroad; 47.4% (332) considered civil servants, institutions or state-owned enterprises employment: 23.6% (165) to the private sector; 10.9% (76) business (167); 23.9% had other ideas or plan. 700 college students in our school based on Employment anxiety questionnaire design, analysis results show that the Employment Anxiety of the average score was 41.6570 + 12.2684. on different background characteristics of individual difference test, analysis results show that female employment anxiety slightly higher than male Employment anxiety level, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.420) the economic situation worse; employment anxiety is higher, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000); display of family residence results, place of residence in the urban and rural college students' Employment anxiety is larger, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.030); the The results of rank anxiety test for different grades of College Students' Employment anxiety showed that the average rank of Employment anxiety increased with the increase of grades, but this trend was not statistically significant (P=0.506).
(2) 700 graduate students, 109 people (15.6%). Poor sleep quality by non parametric test on College Students' sleep quality index scores of different gender, male average sleep quality is slightly higher than the female, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.615); students of different economic conditions, the results showed that the economic and Employment anxiety worse, worse sleep quality, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000); correlation analysis showed that the Employment Anxiety Questionnaire score and PSQI score in this paper, the quality of the students positive employment anxiety and sleep related, the rank correlation coefficient was 0.350, statistically significant correlation (P=0.000).
(3) due to the Employment anxiety, 7.6% students from smoking and drinking; 20.9% are addicted to the Internet; 15.1% with a roommate or lover variation; 4.9% thought Dutch act; 6% had violence, 47.6% to ease the employment pressure through recreational activities. The relationship of the employment of college students anxiety and coping behavior, smoking and drinking, Internet addiction and worse, relationship with roommate or lovers of violence Dutch act, these negative coping behavior is more serious, the higher the degree of Employment anxiety.
3. based on TMSC theory as the theoretical basis of the group psychological intervention. A total of 6 weeks of group activities, once a week, 2 hours each time, group intervention activities by first, transition, understanding emotion and emotion processing, related problems, job interviews, career exploration, and the end of the retrospective theme.
4. group intervention experimental analysis results
According to informed consent and voluntary control, random grouping, harmless principle, the establishment of the intervention group (TMSC group) and control group (non intervention group). The results of data analysis showed that the intervention group and control group in age, gender, single child, family residence had no statistical difference between the two groups of College Students' Employment anxiety. The degree, there was no significant difference in sleep quality, good balance.
(1) the influence of group intervention on the degree of Employment Anxiety
Two independent sample rank sum test was used to compare Employment anxiety. The results showed that the anxiety level of the control group was higher than that of the intervention group after intervention and 6 months after intervention, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Using multiple correlation samples rank sum test, the two groups were tested, and the changes of Employment anxiety degree in two groups were analyzed with time. The results showed that the Employment anxiety in the intervention group decreased with time and the control group increased gradually, but the difference was not statistically significant.
(2) the effect of group intervention on the quality of sleep
The sleep status of the intervention group and the control group was compared by two independent sample rank sum test. The results showed that the sleep quality of the intervention group was better than that of the control group in 6 months after intervention and after 6 months intervention, but the difference was not statistically significant.
With a number of related samples rank sum test of two groups were tested, analyzed with the change of time, the changes of two groups of sleep quality. The results showed that two overall sleep quality changes were not significant. In the control group, sleep duration factor score mean rank increases with time increased, the difference was statistically significant. Said with graduation approaching, the control group sleep duration became worse, while the intervention group was stable; the control group results daytime dysfunction scores showed that the pretest posttest below and long-term measurement, the difference was statistically significant, while the intervention group changed smoothly. Compared with the control group, after the intervention group when facing the pressure of employment a member of the sleep quality is still in a stable state.
conclusion
1., the questionnaire of College Students' Employment anxiety has good reliability and validity, and can be used as an effective evaluation index for college students' Employment anxiety level.
2. college students' Employment anxiety is related to sleep quality and coping behavior.
3., this group intervention can control the degree of Employment Anxiety of the intervention group to some extent. As time goes on, the intervention effect of group long term on Employment anxiety is stable.
The 4. group on the study of the quality of sleep intervention is effective. Compared with the control group, after the intervention in the face of the employment pressure when members of the group, the sleep quality is still in a stable state, especially in the daytime function is more obvious; with the passage of time, the long-term effects of group on sleep quality was stable.
5., the results of the control group showed that, after graduation, influenced by employment pressure, the physical and mental health of college students has a worsening trend, resulting in an increase in their employment anxiety and a decrease in sleep quality.
6. of the group intervention is simple, strong operability, is easy to be accepted by the vast majority of college students, has a certain popularization and practical value. However, the intervention group there are still many shortcomings, the need for team intervention time, strength and other aspects to do to improve.

【学位授予单位】：南方医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B849;R395

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