大肠杆菌噬菌体IME08的分离鉴定及其裂解酶的表达与活性检测
发布时间:2018-07-16 21:43
【摘要】:背景和目的 细菌性感染是感染性疾病中最常见的类型,如果没有及时有效的治疗,严重细菌感染可以导致高死亡率。抗生素是治疗细菌感染性疾病最有效的武器,然而随着抗生素的滥用,细菌的耐药性问题日益加剧,抗生素的杀菌作用受到严峻挑战。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)和耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌(VRSA)等多重耐药菌是医院获得性感染的主要致病菌,其超强耐药性常常导致高死亡率。近年来出现的所谓“超级细菌”,就是以大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌为主的多重耐药菌,这些多重耐药菌因携带一种新的内酰胺酶NDM-1(新德里金属β内酰胺酶)基因,使细菌对现今除了替加环素(Tigecycline)和粘菌素(Colistin)以外几乎所有类型的抗生素产生抗性,往往导致感染者不治身亡,因此需要寻找新的可代替抗生素的杀菌物质进行耐药菌感染的治疗及细菌感染的预防以减少抗生素的使用控制耐药菌的发展。 噬菌体是自然界中广泛存在的细菌病毒,几乎有细菌生存的生境中就存在相应的噬菌体,例如海水、土壤、人畜类肠道等。活噬菌体治疗细菌性感染的早期研究及近几年的动物试验和初步临床试验,以及利用噬菌体裂解酶治疗细菌性感染的最新研究,表明噬菌体及噬菌体裂解酶是潜在的可替代抗生素进行多重耐药菌感染预防和治疗的新型杀菌物质。作为细菌的天然杀手,噬菌体在细菌性感染尤其是多重耐药菌感染的治疗方面具有抗生素无法比拟的优势:噬菌体可依赖体内的宿主进行复制,因此仅需很小的剂量即可达到治疗目的;噬菌体比抗生素专一性强,对机体正常的微生物群落影响很小,且不会感染人类细胞,其副作用较小;噬菌体可用于对抗生素过敏的患者;噬菌体可单独使用也可结合抗生素使用以减少抗性菌的出现;虽然致病菌为了逃避噬菌体的识别也会发展抗性,但优于抗生素的是,噬菌体也会随致病菌的变异而发生变异,并产生能裂解突变细菌的新噬菌体。噬菌体裂解酶的优势也很多:噬菌体裂解酶可高度纯化,拥有极高的底物特异性;诱导机体产生的抗体不足以中和其裂解活性;由于不需要感染和复制,因此能更快地发挥杀菌作用;最后因其拥有不同的结构域和功能域分别进行细胞壁的结合和裂解,细菌不易对其产生抗性。 噬菌体在自然界中广泛存在,但已分离并进行详细研究的噬菌体数量为数很少,而为保证噬菌体使用的安全性和可控性,需要对噬菌体各项特征进行详细的掌握。此外,噬菌体不仅仅是菌种特异性的,更多时候是菌株特异性的,因此要实现利用噬菌体进行有效地预防和控制细菌感染,需要数量庞大的噬菌体储存库以筛选与目标菌匹配的噬菌体。 本研究中我们进行了大肠杆菌裂解性噬菌体的分离、种属鉴定、生物学特性及基因组学特征的研究、噬菌体裂解酶的原核表达及重组蛋白菌内、外活性的检测,丰富了已知噬菌体的数量,为噬菌体的应用奠定基础,同时促进噬菌体基因组学和噬菌体复制、装配机制的研究。 方法和结果 我们从不同地点收集环境污水样本,以大肠杆菌8099为指示菌自医院污水中分离出多株噬菌体,其中一株裂解性噬菌体(IME08)还能裂解大肠杆菌K12系列菌株以及6株临床分离大肠杆菌,表明其裂解谱较广,预示着其在预防和治疗大肠杆菌感染方面存在着潜在的应用价值;用DNase I、RNase A和限制性内切酶处理该噬菌体的遗传物质,鉴定出该噬菌体是双链DNA噬菌体;通过随机PCR扩增噬菌体基因组DNA的随机片段并克隆测序后,在NCBI网站进行在线BLAST分析,根据BLAST结果我们推测该噬菌体是一株新的T4-like噬菌体;电镜下该噬菌体具有二十多面体的头部及长尾部,呈现典型的肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridas)的噬菌体的形态;综合以上特征,我们可以确定该噬菌体隶属于双链DNA噬菌体下有尾噬菌体目(Caudovirales)、肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridas)的T4-like噬菌体属;通过随机PCR和巢式PCR结合的两轮PCR方法扩增出IME08的宿主识别基因g37和g38,克隆测序后进行同源性分析,发现其宿主识别模式不同于T4,而更接近于T2和K3,由g37和g38共同决定其宿主识别;进一步的生物学特性研究表明噬菌体IME08的最佳感染复数为2,双层板培养4 h后开始出现噬菌斑,7h后噬菌斑直径达到最大,且噬菌斑边缘清晰。从一步生长曲线中可以看出该噬菌体的潜伏期为25min,裂解期为15min,裂解量为65±1 pfu。 利用高通量测序技术获得噬菌体的全部序列信息,经拼接基因组长17,253 bp,注释后得到253个开放读码框(ORFs)和3个tRNA,不包含任何已知的抗生素抗性基因和毒力基因,具有潜在的应用价值;噬菌体IME08与模式生物T4噬菌体的基因组进行同源比对后,发现其基因组在基因组成和结构上,与生命周期相关的大部分必需基因是高度保守的,同时存在一些非必需基因的缺失、重复等变异;以重要的头部蛋白gp23为分子标尺构建进化树,发现噬菌体IME08与JS98和JS10具有最高同源性,属于大肠杆菌T4-like噬菌体中的JS98子群。将IME08与JS98进行全基因组同源比对后发现,2个噬菌体中绝大部分ORFs具有高度同源性,但IME08的宿主识别基因g37和g38和JS98的差异较大,反而与T2的同源性很高,推测IME08与T2在感染同一宿主时发生了基因的横向迁移;在对测序数据进行分析的过程中,一些reads出现的频率异常高,称为高频序列(high frequency sequences, HFSs)。经分析这些HFSs的存在与噬菌体基因组末端有关。进一步分析发现HFSs上游存在一个保守序列5'-TGGA↓G-3',因此我们推测该噬菌体的基因组末端应该是经过序列特异性酶切产生的,从而否定了过去T4-like噬菌体末端序列随机的观点,说明T4-like噬菌体的末端酶(terminase)具有序列特异性的识别和切割倾向。 为了研究该噬菌体裂解蛋白作为杀菌物质的潜力,我们利用冷休克表达载体pCold,成功地在大肠杆菌中表达了噬菌体IME08的2个裂解酶:内部裂解酶lysin和外部裂解酶gp5。活性检测实验结果显示lysin和gp5均具有菌内裂解活性,但菌外裂解活性实验得到了阴性的结果,造成这一结果的主要原因是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁外有一层厚厚的外膜,阻止了裂解酶与其底物即细胞壁的直接接触;对于穿孔素holin来说,虽未得到其表达产物,但同样证实了其破坏细胞膜的活性。
[Abstract]:Background and Purpose
Bacterial infection is the most common type in infectious diseases , and if there is no timely and effective treatment , severe bacterial infection can lead to high mortality rate . With the abuse of antibiotics , the drug resistance of bacteria is becoming more and more serious . The so - called " super - bacteria " appeared in recent years .
Bacteriophages are widely available in nature , and there are corresponding ages in the habitat of bacteria , such as seawater , soil , human and animal intestinal tract , etc . The phage display can be used alone or in combination with antibiotics to reduce the appearance of resistant bacteria .
In addition , phage can be used to effectively prevent and control bacterial infection , and a large number of phage repositories are needed to screen the phage matching the target bacteria .
In this study , we carried out the separation , identification , biological characteristics and genomics of E . coli lytic phage , the prokaryotic expression of phage lysate and the detection of the internal and external activity of recombinant protein bacteria , which enriched the number of known phage , laid the foundation for the application of phage , and promoted the research of phage gene group and phage replication and assembly mechanism .
Methods and Results
coli 8099 was used as the indicator to isolate the phage from the hospital sewage . The phage was amplified by random PCR and nested PCR . The results showed that the phage was a new T4 - like phage . The phage was identified as a new T4 - like phage under electron microscope . The phage was identified by the following features : the incubation period of phage IME08 was 25min , the cleavage period was 15min , and the lysate was 65 卤 1 .
鍒╃敤楂橀,
本文编号:2127756
[Abstract]:Background and Purpose
Bacterial infection is the most common type in infectious diseases , and if there is no timely and effective treatment , severe bacterial infection can lead to high mortality rate . With the abuse of antibiotics , the drug resistance of bacteria is becoming more and more serious . The so - called " super - bacteria " appeared in recent years .
Bacteriophages are widely available in nature , and there are corresponding ages in the habitat of bacteria , such as seawater , soil , human and animal intestinal tract , etc . The phage display can be used alone or in combination with antibiotics to reduce the appearance of resistant bacteria .
In addition , phage can be used to effectively prevent and control bacterial infection , and a large number of phage repositories are needed to screen the phage matching the target bacteria .
In this study , we carried out the separation , identification , biological characteristics and genomics of E . coli lytic phage , the prokaryotic expression of phage lysate and the detection of the internal and external activity of recombinant protein bacteria , which enriched the number of known phage , laid the foundation for the application of phage , and promoted the research of phage gene group and phage replication and assembly mechanism .
Methods and Results
coli 8099 was used as the indicator to isolate the phage from the hospital sewage . The phage was amplified by random PCR and nested PCR . The results showed that the phage was a new T4 - like phage . The phage was identified as a new T4 - like phage under electron microscope . The phage was identified by the following features : the incubation period of phage IME08 was 25min , the cleavage period was 15min , and the lysate was 65 卤 1 .
鍒╃敤楂橀,
本文编号:2127756
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