明清香药史研究

发布时间：2018-01-16 09:51

本文关键词：明清香药史研究　出处：《中国中医科学院》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：既往关于香药历史、药效物质基础和临床使用方面的研究都有持续进展,但社会科学领域论著多集中于中外往来密切、贸易频繁的唐宋时期,对明清时期的香药缺乏重视,未能连贯把握历史脉络,自然科学领域如中医药界多集中于“香囊辟疫”、“芳香开窍药”等研究,而民族医药界所做的努力无出其右。明清时期为小冰期寒冷气候,气候影响疾病,疾病又影响医家的治疗和认知。任应秋认为温热家特点是使用安宫牛黄、至宝、紫雪这些方,在大量的辛凉药中挽救心阳,这种方法《伤寒论》中没有,是温热家们的一大发明。在传统本草文献分类中,明代香药在《本草纲目》首见“芳草”、“香木”等类别,并影响了清代本草著作的分类。该时期既有对明以前使用香药经验的继承,又有本土植物的香药性新的认知,也有对外来香药认知的深入,而“药露”的广泛使用,使香药使用类型更加丰富。本研究通过对明清本草文献的系统梳理,结合相关医案、传教士著作等,以其时的社会、经济、文化发展状况为背景,分析明清香药使用特色与影响。研究过程中,综合运用史学、文献学等研究方法,通过搜集整理这些史料,分析其具体内容中表现出的学术思想与特点,探讨明清时期香药使用特色及规律。论文“前言”部分对明以前的“香药”情况、明清时期“香药”等概念加以辨析,同时介绍本研究的目的、意义与研究方法。正文分为五部分,即：明以前香药、明清时期香药记载、明清时期香药来源、明清时期香药使用、明清香药的社会影响因素。从逻辑结构讲,是回答香药“是什么”、“怎么用”、“历史沿革如何”、“为什么会形成这些用法”等。正文第一部分“明以前的香药”,对明以前香药情况进行简要梳理,总结香药使用特点。第二部分“明清时期香药记载”,以“本草文献”、“香谱”、“传教士与香药”展开介绍。“本草文献”按内容特点分别从“芳草”、“香木”、“药露”等角度梳理。“香谱”中重点对外用之香进行了分析。明清时期本草文献香药的书写,因为对药性认知的不一样分类思想的不一样,分到了不同的部分里,但从自然属性来看,大体不离“芳草”、“香木”、“药露”、“花部”之类。谱录类书也能寻得香与医之关系,明代香谱多录历代香方,及至清代最显著的特点,便是“蒸”香以露疗疾。此前香露多为妇女容妆之品,明清之际广泛点茶食用、药用等。他者视野中的芳香药,主要以明清时期来华传教士著作为例,卜弥格描述了相关植物和在中国的药用方式。传教士不仅向欧洲汇报中国见闻,也将西洋药物介绍到中国,最典型的是“其法始于大西洋”的“药露”。第三部分“明清时期香药来源”,重点从本土和外来两种情况分析。从朝贡贸易来看,明代的香药输入种类和前代基本上是一致的,既有熏身之香,亦有药用之材,也有食用之香料。但是值得指出的是明代开始已经有鸦片(乌香)的输入,这是清代俞正燮的考察结论。清代藩属国进贡的香料与明代记载的基本相同,在芳草香木之余,有蒸馏之花露水、荼靡露、各种药露；此外还有一种传入方式是西洋传教士所献。中国本土香药,因气候环境、森林植被、人口密度等等影响,每一朝代各有侧重,主要是原材料的麝香、沉香、苍术、薄荷等,而且也有制备意义上的“樟脑”、“薄荷脑”等。海禁政策下,外域香料输入的数量十分有限,巨大的香料需求大大地推动了国内香料的种植,对外来香药的本土化研究也表明,出现了不少远胜舶品的香药。第四部分“明清时期香药使用”,重点分析明清时期香药不同于既往的使用情况。明清时期香药的应用比较广泛,无论是内服还是外用,燃者取烟熏或香灰,蒸者取露,或取其味,或取其用。此外,明清时期对香药的炮制、使用注意、香气蚀脾另类医案的记载也说明对“香”的使用是一个不断加深认知的过程。第五部分“明清香药的社会影响因素”,重点分析明清时期社会环境、思想文化、统治者态度等对香药使用的影响。从外史角度而言,关注社会、文化、政治、经济等因素对香药使用的影响,表明自然环境与香药使用两者之间是互相影响的关系：气候变迁带来药用资源分布的改变,导致追求香药使用,同时对香的追求也会导致资源分布的改变。社会文化环境对于香药使用亦有影响：墓葬中使用香料进行尸体防腐处理十分流行,生活方式上焚香煮茗、儒道佛的推动。统治者态度对香药也有影响。明清时期的香药既延续其奢华风格,亦随着商品经济发展,市民阶层兴起,而走入寻常百姓家。本文讨论部分重点围绕香为熏、香为药、香为媒、香为患等4个主题展开讨论,初步凝练出该期香药使用特点。文章认为尽管《山海经》等文献、葛洪等医家著作有佩带薰草等的记载,但“邪从口鼻而入”的观点,实是明清医家的一大创新。因为邪从阳明口鼻入,则治亦从口鼻,或以“塞鼻”为阻止病邪侵犯人体途径的思维,或以“取嚏”为将邪排出体外的治疗思维。未病时用以顾护正气,提高人体抵抗力,既病就要逐秽。明清时期展现出来的新的香药认知,是该时段医家的智慧结晶。此外,对于香药的“蜡包”方式也是明清医药从业人员的创新。而将香露由妇人妆品延展到疗疾的应用,还有茉莉根的镇痛麻醉作用的记载,对香药资源开发不仅就香材本草本身,而是扩展至周边相关产物的开发应用等,也是当时的创新。这些创新之见,对于当代中医药创新发展也有重要的借鉴意义。目前,传统医药面对现代转型的困境,如何继承与突破传统,并寻找到在当前环境下中医药发展的新思路,反思去今不远的明清时期,在传统与外来之间,以“香药”见历史,鉴古知今,对如何展开相关中医药的研究也提出了个人见解。本文创新点：所用史料不仅着眼于“本草”古籍,还拓展到谱录、档案、日韩相关医书、传教士书籍等,初步研究总结出明清香药使用特点和应用规律,概略地构建起既断代又专门的明清香药史,提出以史为鉴开创香药未来发展的个人意见。(1)选题创新。历史学界目前对香药的研究重点集中在唐宋阶段,社会科学领域谈“香文化”的多,集中在“香料与香谱”领域,亦有谈及香与国家控制、香与社会经济生活,而谈“香药”的少。唐宋为香事之盛,元明之后,虽然香谱、香药著作层出,且在香料来源中多有革新,但多被忽视。医史学界对香药的研究1978年以前的相关研究多定位于“媚药”功能性的发挥,而1979-1986年的研究定位于“香料药物”的名物考和具体应用,1987年至今对异域文献和出土文献中的香药都有探索。自然科学领域多涉及香药的功能性、药效物质基础研究,而对香药历史的考证却缺乏重视,对香药在整个医学史进程中有怎样的流变(资源以及药用范围)思虑不够。正是对明清香药关注的空白促成了此研究的开展,本论文概略地构建起既断代又专门的明清香药史,同时试图为一些个案香药的应用提供新证据,提出了以史为鉴开创香药未来发展的个人意见。(2)史料、方法、视野的创新。从史料角度来说,既往药学史领域多集中于本草文献的梳理,本研究不仅仅着眼于《中国中医古籍总目》的“本草”古籍,史料拓展到相关谱录、档案、日韩相关医书、传教士书籍、考古文物等,尽量全面还原明清时期香药的使用情况。从方法学上来说,既往药学史领域多从文献考察和实地调查确认本草基源,本文尚使用了相关人类学的解释方法,富有一定特色。运用历史学方法对芳香本草文献进行纵向梳理,并使用相关出土文物报告,采用“二重证据”法以把握香药的渊源及演变,也是试图实践陈寅恪先生提出互相参证的方法：“一曰取地下之实物与纸上之遗文互相释证”、“二曰取异族之故书与吾国之旧籍互相补正”、“三曰取外来之观念,与固有之材料互相参证”。从视野来说,明清处于“西学东渐”的大时代背景下,相关西学虽未能撼动中医学基础理论体系,但有相关药物融入进中医药理论,此时“中学西传”影响力不及往期,但依然通过传教士、贸易等的互动实现“中学西传”。此外,从生药原材料的使用到蒸馏精华物质的使用,多种视野下的“香药”就赋予了多重内涵。从写作视野来说,属于内外史结合的写作方式。(3)对明清香药研究结论的创新。初步研究总结出明清香药使用特点和应用规律。清代出现的很多药露药油都是音译名词,尚未有古汉名和现代药物名的对应,通过对清宫“巴尔萨米油”的分析,指出早在唐代就已传入中国当时名叫“阿勃参”,清代传教士尚有记录为“拔尔萨摩”,晚清时期又被译为“波勒杀末”,对应为现代《中华本草》记载的“秘鲁香胶”。此外,清宫出现的“德里亚噶”其实是唐以前就传入我国的“底野迦”,可能为阿片类制剂。并且首次对“邪从口鼻而入”的问题进行综合性表述,指出“邪从口鼻而入”为明清医家的一大创新,因为邪从阳明口鼻入,则治亦从口鼻,或以“塞鼻”为阻止病邪侵犯人体途径的思维,或以“取嚏”为将邪排出体外的治疗思维,未病时用以顾护正气,提高人体抵抗力,既病就要逐秽。香药的“蜡包”方式是明清医药从业人员的创新。而将香露由妇人妆品延展到疗疾的应用,茉莉根镇痛麻醉作用的记载,对香药资源开发不仅就香材本草本身,而且扩展至周边相关产物的开发应用等,也是明清时期的创新。这些创新之见,对于当代中医药创新发展也有重要的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:About the past sweet medicine history, research and clinical use of pharmacodynamic material basis has continued to progress, but social science works focus on foreign exchanges, trade frequently in Tang and Song Dynasties, the medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties the lack of attention, failed to grasp the coherence of the history of natural science fields such as Chinese medicine more focused on "the provision of" disease "research, sachet and aromatic resuscitation drugs", national pharmaceutical industry efforts. Second to none the Ming and Qing Dynasties for the little ice age cold climate, climate impact disease, disease and effect of treatment and cognitive physicians. Ren should think warm autumn home is characterized using Angongniuhuang, these precious, Zixue, in a lot of medicine to save heart Xin Yang, this treatise on < > No, is a great invention of warm scientists. In the classification of traditional herbal literature in Ming Dynasty, sweet medicine in Compendium of Materia Medica first "fragrant grass", "wood Other categories, and the impact of the Qing Dynasty. The classification of herbal works during this period inherited before Ming Dynasty used incense medicine experience, and native plant fragrance resistance new cognition, but also on the spice of cognitive depth, and is widely used in medicine, medicine fragrant dew "make more use of type rich. This study through systematic review of literature on materia medica in Ming and Qing Dynasties, combined with the related medical records, missionary works, to the time of the social, economic and cultural development condition as the background, analysis of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine use characteristic and influence. In the course of the study, the integrated use of history, literature and other research methods, through collecting the historical data analysis. Academic thoughts and characteristics of the specific content of the Ming and Qing Dynasties fragrant drug use features and rules. The" preface "of the" spice "before Ming Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasties" medicine "concept to analysis and introduce The purpose of this study, significance and research methods. The text is divided into five parts, namely: before Ming Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasties sweet medicine, sweet medicine records, the Ming and Qing Dynasties of Ming and Qing Dynasty incense incense medicine source, drug use, social factors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the logical structure of sweet medicine, sweet medicine is the answer of "what", "how to use", "history", "why the formation of these usages". The first part of the text "spice" before Ming Dynasty, it briefly introduces the before Ming Dynasty, sweet medicine, sweet medicine summary characteristics. The second part "the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with" sweet medicine records "herbal literature", "sweet spectrum", "missionaries and medicine". "The literature according to the content characteristics respectively from the" grass "," Xiang "," medicine dew "and" sweet spectrum "perspective. In the key external use incense is analyzed. During the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine herbal literature writing, because of Not the same as the classification of cognitive resistance is not the same, divided into different parts, but in the natural attributes, generally not far from the "grass", "Xiang", "medicine dew", "flower" and so on. Books can also find recorded spectrum relationship of incense and medicine, the Ming Dynasty incense spectrum on ancient incense, the most remarkable characteristic of Qing Dynasty, is the "steam" Liaoji. After the dew fragrance with sweet dew for women makeup products, Ming and Qing Dynasties tea widely edible, medicinal. Other aromatic drugs in the field, mainly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties missionary works as an example, Bu Boym describes the related plants and medicinal in China. Report to the European missionaries not only Chinese knowledge, will also be introduced to the western medicine China, the most typical is "the law began in the Atlantic" "medicine dew". The third part "the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine source", mainly from the analysis of local and foreign from two cases. At Tribute trade, sweet medicine in the Ming Dynasty and the previous generation input types are basically the same, both smoked body fragrance, also has medicinal material, also have edible spices. But it is worth noting that the beginning of the Ming Dynasty has been the Opium (Ukraine incense) input, this is the conclusion of Yu Zhengxie in the Qing Dynasty records. Spices and Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty vassal tributary is basically the same, in the wood I have distilled the toilet water, the dew, dew all kinds of medicine; in addition there is a way into the western missionaries offered. Chinese native medicine, because of the climate and environment, forest vegetation, population density and so on, each dynasty has focus on the main raw material of musk, aloes, Atractylodes rhizome, mint, and have prepared the sense of "Camphor", "menthol." prohibition policy, a very limited number of Outland spices input, spices demand greatly promoted the domestic giant spices Study on the localization of planting spice also shows that there are a lot of imported goods than sweet medicine. The fourth part "the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine", focuses on the analysis of the use of medicine is different from the previous period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The application of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine is widely used, whether internal or external, from burning smoke or ash, steamed from dew, or its flavor, or its use. In addition, the processing of the medicine, the Ming and Qing Dynasties use attention, medical records altered spleen aroma that offbeat use of "sweet" is a deepening of the cognitive process. The fifth part is "the social impact of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine the factors", focuses on the analysis of the social environment, ideology and culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rulers influence the attitude on the medicine use. From the external perspective, pay attention to the society, culture, politics, economy and other factors on the impact of the use of medicine, showed that the natural environment and medicine use both Is the relationship between the mutual influence of climate change: bring distribution of medicinal resources, led to the pursuit of medicine use, but also lead to the change of the distribution of resources. The pursuit of social and cultural environment of fragrant incense has the same effect on drug use: tombs were embalmed. The use of perfume is very popular, the way of life of incense for tea. To promote the Buddha. The attitude of the rulers also have an impact on medicine. Sweet medicine in the Ming and Qing Dynasties not only continues its luxurious style, but also with the development of commodity economy, the rise of the public sectors, and into the homes of ordinary people. This part focuses on the incense is smoked, incense for medicine, incense incense for the media, with 4 themes to discuss the preliminary concise characteristics of this period. The paper argues that although the use of the medicine The Classic of the Great Wilderness literature, Ge Hong and other physicians work wearing Tonka and other records, but "evil from the nose and mouth" point of view, is the Ming and Qing Dynasties A great innovation. Because the evil from the nose into the Yangming rule, also from the nose and mouth, or to "plug nose" disease to prevent violations of human evil ways of thinking, or "sneezing" will be discharged in the treatment of evil thinking. Disease with protecting vital qi, improve the body's resistance to both diseases will by shouts. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties revealed new medicine cognition, is the crystallization of the wisdom of this period of doctors. In addition, the innovation of sweet medicine "paraffin" is the medical staff and the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The sweet dew by the application of woman cosmetics extended to cure disease, and jasmine root pain with anesthesia records, for the development of medicine resources not only fragrant incense wood materia itself, but extended to the surrounding related product development and application, is also the time of innovation. These new ideas have important significance for contemporary innovation and development of Chinese medicine. At present, facing the modern transformation of traditional medicine The dilemma, how to inherit and break the traditional, and find new ideas in the development of Chinese medicine in the current environment, this is not far to reflect the Ming and Qing Dynasties, between traditional and foreign history, see the "spice", reflects the ancient knowledge today, research on how to expand the traditional Chinese medicine also puts forward personal opinions. The innovation of this paper: the historical data not only focus on the "herbal" ancient books, but also extended to the spectrum recorded, archives, South Korea related books, books and other missionaries, preliminary study summed up the characteristics and rules of application to use fragrance medicine, roughly built up not only the special fragrance of Ming dynastic medicine history, the history and create the future development of Hong administration of personal opinions. (1) the topic of history innovation. Current research focus of the medicine concentration in the Tang and Song Dynasties stage, the field of social science about "Incense Culture", focus on "spice and spectrum" in the field, also talk and incense and state control, Fragrant with the social and economic life, and on the "medicine". The Tang and Song Dynasty is the incense thing of Sheng, yuan and Ming Dynasties, although the fragrant incense spectrum, medicine works layer, and the source of the spice has many innovations, but much neglected. Research on 1978 of the medicine medical circles than before located in the "pro drug" function of the play, and the localization of 1979-1986 years to "spice medicine" the test and application, since the 1987 exploration of foreign literature and unearthed in the sweet medicine. Functional natural science of medicine, studies of pharmacodynamic material basis of the medicine, and the textual research is the lack of attention, in the whole process of the medicine medicine in the history of how the rheological (resources and medicinal range). It is thought not blank in the Ming and Qing Dynasties fragrant medicines concerned contributed to the study, this paper briefly construct both the special fragrance of Ming dynastic history At the same time, to provide new evidence for the application of some cases of sweet medicine, put forward the future development history of sweet medicine personal opinions. (2) materials, methods, vision of innovation. From the historical perspective, the past history of pharmacy are more concentrated in the field of the literature, this study not only focuses on the Chinese ancient books < Chinese in accordance with the "herbal" historical books, expand to the relevant spectrum recorded, archives, South Korea related books, missionary books, archaeological finds, as far as possible the overall reduction of use of the Ming and Qing Dynasties incense medicine. From the methodological point of view, the field of previous history of pharmacy from the literature review and field survey to confirm the source of this paper is the use of herbal base, the explain the methods of anthropology, with certain characteristics. By historical methods of longitudinal review of aromatic herbal literature and unearthed cultural relics and the use of the relevant report, to grasp the medicine using "double evidence law yuan The source and evolution, is also trying to practice Mr. Chen Yinque proposed methods complement each other: "one day take the papers with the kind of paper on each other underground release certificate", "two said the book from my country and other old books," three mutual correction "said from outside of the concept, and the inherent mutual coherent material from the perspective of evidence". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "West" of the background, the related western although failed to shake the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine system, but there are drugs into the traditional Chinese medicine theory, the "high school west" influence not to, but still by missionaries, the implementation of "interactive trade West Middle School in addition, from the use of raw materials to extract crude distillation of multi perspective" medicine "is endowed with multiple connotations. From the perspective of writing, combined with the way of writing belongs to the internal and external history. (3) the conclusion of the Ming and Qing dynasties medicine research The preliminary study on innovation. Summarizes the characteristics and application of regular use of drugs. The fragrance of Ming Qing Dynasty a lot of medicine medicine dew oil are not corresponding, noun, ancient Chinese name and modern drugs, through the analysis of the "Sami Barr oil", pointed out that as early as the Tang Dynasty had passed in the country at that time called "three reference" in Qing Dynasty is recorded as "Stubbs Ersamo missionaries" in the late Qing Dynasty, has been translated as "kill Paule" at the end, corresponding to the modern "Chinese materia medica > recorded" Peru gum ". In addition, the emergence of" deriat karma "is actually just before the Tang Dynasty into China" theraica ". May be for opiates. And for the first time on the" evil comprehensive from the nose and mouth "problem statement, pointed out that" evil from the nose and mouth "is a great innovation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because the evil from the nose into the Yangming rule, also from the nose and mouth, or to" plug nose "for resistance Check pathogen invading the body way of thinking, or "sneezing" will be discharged in the treatment of evil thinking, not disease with protecting vital qi, improve the body's resistance to disease will gradually filthily. Sweet medicine "paraffin" is the innovation of the medical staff of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The incense the application of cosmetics by dew woman extended to therapy, analgesia and anesthesia effect of jasmine root records, on the development of medicine resources not only fragrant incense wood and herbage itself, extended to the surrounding related product development and application, innovation is the Ming and Qing Dynasties. These new ideas have important significance for Contemporary Chinese medicine the innovation and development.

【学位授予单位】：中国中医科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：R2-09

【参考文献】