一种医用稀释分配器的研制

发布时间：2018-08-03 18:14

【摘要】：目的：稀释分配器在精细化工和生物医学实验室中有着广泛的应用。在药液配制上，一般采取人工方式，由于个体差异，人工配液存在较大的误差及不稳定性，而药液配制具有不可恢复性，配制时药液比例错误即会造成药液废弃。稀释分配器通过机械装置推动注射器，实现高精度、平稳无脉动的液体传输；具有宽范围的运行速度，流量精确，控制精度高，有着人工配液无法比拟的优势。实验室中存在着大量具有毒性或者腐蚀性的药液，稀释分配器可以减少此类药液对操作人员的潜在危害，特别适用于精细化工，医疗配液以及需要精密配制药液的工业、农业、生物医学等应用领域。目前我国生物医学实验室主要采用进口的医用稀释分配器，其自动化程度高、使用方便，但价格昂贵，难以普及，而国内稀释分配器厂家数量较少，大多仅从国外购进配件，进行简单二次加工，缺乏自主知识产权，其产品精确度与进口产品有较大差距。国内对配制药液的精密仪器需求量较大，因此很有必要开发一种高精度、高适应性的医用稀释分配器。方法：通过对国内外稀释分配器的技术特点分析，结合国内稀释分配器的发展现状，提出一种医用稀释分配器的研制方案：基于嵌入式单片机技术、传感器技术与自动化智能控制理论的医用稀释分配器的研制。利用3D建模软件设计稀释分配器的机械结构，完成各配件及传动模块的结构设计与装配方法设计；利用电路图设计软件绘制稀释分配器的电路，完成稀释分配器各硬件模块的电路设计；利用印刷电路板设计软件绘制稀释分配器的印刷电路板；利用单片机编程语言设计稀释分配器的移液、稀释、配液等自动化过程，开发智能化软件系统，实现各控制模块功能。通信接口采用RS232串行数据收发接口对稀释分配器发送初始化、复位及运行指令。微控制单元接收指令后，控制步进电机驱动芯片，对步进电机进行驱动，实现初始化、复位及相应操作功能；步进电机转动换向阀、通过丝杠同步结构推拉注射器，实现药液的高精度定量分配；运用光电传感器对换向阀阀芯及注射器活塞位置进行监控，实现换向阀的初始化、复位及换向操作，实现注射器的抽吸及推注操作。内容：本论文的研究工作主要包括医用稀释分配器的总体设计、机械结构设计、硬件设计、软件设计以及样机测试。主要内容如下：（1）稀释分配器的总体设计主要包括样机工作流程、应使用何种模块、各模块应实现何种功能、模块间关系与通讯等。（2）稀释分配器的机械结构设计主要包括样机外形设计、建模、加工；样机机械传动设计、样机机械结构加工、印制电路板加工，样机整体安装。其外形采用CATIA进行3D建模。（3）稀释分配器的硬件设计主要包括可编程微控制单元模块、步进电机驱动模块、光电传感器定位模块、RS232串行数据收发模块、电源模块以及外围接口电路。其电路图使用ORCAD绘制，印制电路板采用PADS绘制。（4）稀释分配器的软件设计主要采用嵌入式系统开发工具IAR编译器，对微控制单元进行编程，实现稀释分配器初始化、复位，完成稀释、移液、分配功能。（5）稀释分配器样机测试主要是通过大量实验测试样机的性能、稳定性、精确度、实用性等性能指标。结果：设计并完成稀释分配器样机，具有一整套独立的总体、硬件、软件、机械结构等关键部件设计。主要内容如下：（1）设计并完成了稀释分配器样机的整体运行框架，确立了机械结构、硬件及软件之间统一协调的互动与联系关系，绘制并完成了样机的总体设计框图。（2）设计并完成了稀释分配器样机的机械结构设计，绘制并完成了样机的3D模型图。其中使用光电传感器与定位栅盘相配合，结合步进电机转轴定制加工，设计并成功实现了换向阀及注射器位置的测定方法；使用丝杠同步结构实现了步进电机的转动与注射器活塞的直线运动间的转换，实现了注射器对药液的抽注。（3）编写并调试了稀释分配器样机的软件系统，其中使用中断嵌套成功实现了对换向阀与注射器位置的测定，完成了稀释分配器初始化、复位、稀释、移液及分配功能。（4）将制作完成的样机本体、印刷电路板、步进电机、注射器、换向阀及丝杠同步传动装置等组装完成稀释分配器样机，进行了机械结构、硬件、软件调试，检测了各模块性能，修改各模块设计。（5）结合实际对稀释分配器样机进行了实验，由实验结果可知，样机具有较好的工作稳定性及可靠性，适用于三口换向阀，稀释分配时间范围为1min-60min，精确度1%。结论：经样机测试，该稀释分配器能实现药液精密稀释分配，具有自动化、高精度和方便快捷的特点，整体设计紧凑，使用方便，性能可靠，为生物实验和临床配液提供了一种实用的先进技术手段。然而，本论文的稀释分配器仅设计为实验室使用，在实际使用条件下，考虑到不同工作环境的影响，所以，为了进一步提高稀释分配器的适应性和稳定性，在本文的研究工作基础上，可以通过对电路及机械结构设计作进一步优化，以满足在不同条件下的应用。本稀释分配器采用三口换向阀，因此也可以对软件算法进行进一步改进，完成对多种换向阀的适应。另外样机采用计算机通过串口向稀释分配器发送指令，增加了稀释分配器使用的局限性，，后续研究工作拟加入人界交互界面，使用液晶触摸屏对稀释分配器进行操作。这些方面都是本文后续研究的重点。
[Abstract]:Objective: dilution dispenser is widely used in fine chemical and biomedical laboratories. In the preparation of liquid medicine, artificial methods are generally adopted. Due to individual differences, there is a large error and instability in artificial mixture, and the dispensing of the liquid is unrecoverable. The dispenser pushes the syringe through the mechanical device to achieve high precision, smooth and non pulsating liquid transmission. It has a wide range of running speed, accurate flow rate, high control precision, and has the advantage of incomparable manual dispensing. There are a large number of toxic or corrosive liquids in the laboratory, and the dilution distributor can reduce the operation of this kind of liquid. The potential hazards of personnel are especially suitable for fine chemicals, medical dispensing and the applications of industry, agriculture and biomedicine, which require precise preparation of liquid medicine. At present, our biomedical laboratories mainly use imported medical dilution dispensers, which are highly automated, easy to use, but expensive and difficult to popularize, and domestic dilution points. The number of distributors is relatively small. Most of them only buy parts from abroad, do simple two times processing, lack the independent intellectual property rights. The precision of their products has a big gap with the imported products. The demand for the precision instrument for dispensing medicine is large, so it is necessary to develop a high precision and high adaptability medical dilution dispenser.
Methods: through the analysis of the technical characteristics of the dilution distributor both at home and abroad and the development of the domestic dilution distributor, a development scheme of medical dilution distributor was proposed: the development of medical dilution dispenser based on embedded single-chip technology, sensor technology and automatic intelligent control theory. The 3D modeling software was used to design dilute software. The mechanical structure of the distributor and the design of the structure design and assembly method of the parts and the transmission modules are completed. The circuit of the dilution distributor is drawn by the circuit diagram design software, and the circuit design of the hardware modules of the dilution distributor is completed; the printed circuit board of the dilute distributor is drawn by the printed circuit board design software; The programming language is designed to design the automatic process of the dilution and distribution of the dispenser, and develop the intelligent software system to realize the function of each control module. The communication interface uses the RS232 serial data transceiver interface to initialize, reset and run the dilution distributor. After the micro control unit receives instructions, the stepping motor drive chip is controlled. The stepping motor is driven to realize initialization, reset and corresponding operation function. The step motor rotates the reversing valve, pushes the syringe through the synchronous structure of the screw, realizes the high precision and quantitative distribution of the liquid, monitors the position of the valve core and the syringe piston by the photoelectric sensor, and realizes the initialization, reset and reversing of the reversing valve. Operation to realize the sucking and pushing operation of the syringe.
Content: the research work of this paper mainly includes the overall design of medical dilution dispenser, mechanical structure design, hardware design, software design and prototype testing. The main contents are as follows: (1) the overall design of the dilution distributor mainly includes the working flow of the prototype, what kind of modules should be used, and the functions of each module and the relationship between modules. And communication etc. (2) the mechanical structure design of the dilution distributor mainly includes the prototype design, modeling and processing of the prototype, the mechanical drive design of the prototype, the machine structure machining, the printed circuit board processing, the whole installation of the prototype. The shape of the prototype is 3D modeling with CATIA. (3) the hardware design of the dilution divider mainly includes the programmable micro control unit model. Block, step motor drive module, photoelectric sensor location module, RS232 serial data transceiver module, power module and peripheral interface circuit. Its circuit diagram is drawn using ORCAD and printed circuit board using PADS. (4) the software design of dilution distributor is mainly used in the embedded system development tool IAR compiler to compile the micro control unit. To realize the dilution distributor initialization, reduction, dilution, fluid transfer and distribution function. (5) the test of the dilution distributor prototype is mainly through the performance, stability, accuracy and practicability of the prototype test.
Results: the prototype of dilution distributor is designed and completed. It has a complete set of key components, such as the whole, hardware, software, and mechanical structure. The main contents are as follows: (1) the whole framework of the dilution distributor prototype is designed and completed, and the mechanical structure, the unified and coordinated relationship between the hardware and the software are established, and the drawing is drawn. The overall design block diagram of the prototype is completed. (2) the mechanical structure of the dilution distributor prototype is designed and completed, and the 3D model of the prototype is drawn and completed. The method of measuring the position of the reversing valve and syringe is successfully realized by the use of the photoelectric sensor and the positioning grid plate, combined with the rotating shaft of the stepper motor. With the synchronous structure of the screw, the rotation of the stepping motor and the straight motion of the piston of the syringe are converted, and the injection of the syringe to the liquid is realized. (3) the software system of the dilution distributor prototype is written and debugged, in which the position of the reverser valve and the syringe is successfully realized by using the interruption nesting, and the dilution distributor has been completed. Initialization, reset, dilution, fluid transfer and distribution function. (4) the prototype of the completed prototype, printed circuit board, stepping motor, syringe, reversing valve and screw synchronous transmission device are assembled to complete the prototype of dilution distributor, and the mechanical structure, hardware and software are tested, the performance of each module is detected and the design of each module is modified. (5) combined with actual conditions The experimental results show that the prototype has good working stability and reliability. It is suitable for three reversing valves. The dilution distribution time range is 1min-60min, and the accuracy is 1%..
Conclusion: through the prototype test, the dilution distributor can realize the accurate dilution and distribution of liquid medicine, has the characteristics of automation, high precision and convenience, and the whole design is compact, easy to use and reliable in performance. It provides a practical advanced technical hand for biological experiment and clinical dispensing. However, the dilution distributor in this paper is designed only as experiment. In order to further improve the adaptability and stability of the dilution distributor in order to further improve the adaptability and stability of the dilution distributor under the actual use conditions, in order to further improve the adaptability and stability of the dilution distributor, the design of the circuit and mechanical structure can be further optimized on the basis of this study to fill the application under different conditions. The dilution distributor adopts three. In addition, the software algorithm can be further improved to adapt to a variety of reversing valves. In addition, the prototype uses the computer to send instructions to the dilution distributor through the serial port. The limitation of the dilution distributor is increased. The follow-up research work is to join the interface of the human boundary, and the liquid crystal touch screen is used for the dilution distributor. These aspects are the focus of this study.
【学位授予单位】：中国人民解放军军事医学科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R318.6

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