植入式喉起搏器的研究与设计

发布时间：2018-11-14 19:18

【摘要】：声带麻痹会导致患者呼吸、发声、吞咽功能受到损害，严重情况会使患者因呼吸困难而面临生命危险，一直都没有很好的解决方法。传统治疗方法虽然能在一定程度上改善呼吸，但会对发声、吞咽功能造成损害，难以兼顾。医学研究者通过实验发现：使用与呼吸同步的电刺激脉冲刺激环杓后肌能使声带麻痹患者声门张大而改善呼吸，并且不会影响吞咽和发声功能。这种治疗声带麻痹的电刺激装置被称为喉起搏器。本文研究了喉起搏器治疗声带麻痹的原理，采用植入式胸壁压力传感器提取呼吸信号；根据呼吸信号的特点设计硬件电路对其进行了放大、滤波和去噪处理，获得了干净、完整的呼吸波形；设计了基于MSP430的呼吸信号处理电路，采用趋势判断和极值点检测的方法获取触发信号，有效地解决了吞咽、发音和咳嗽等突发性影响的问题。针对不同情况的声带麻痹患者，设计了能产生脉宽、频率和幅度等参数可调的双极性恒流电刺激脉冲发生电路，有效地解决了声带麻痹这一棘手问题。针对植入式喉起搏器长期供能问题，本文采用无线能量传输和植入式电池结合的方式为喉起搏器提供能量。建立了充电电路和耦合线圈的模型，在模型基础上设计了基于TL494的单端反激式无线充电电路对锂电池进行充电，采用次级反馈的方式控制充电过程，有效地解决了植入式喉起搏器供能问题。针对植入式装置的信息交互问题，采用基于ZigBee的无线通信方式加以解决，并巧妙地利用通信功能实现无线能量传输电路的反馈、控制与监测功能，提高了无线能量传输电路的稳定性和安全性。在喉起搏器的设计过程中还充分考虑了植入式装置的特殊性，采用低功耗的软硬件设计方法和小尺寸的电路。喉起搏器能有效解决声带麻痹这一医学难题，但目前国内对植入式喉起搏器的研制尚未开始，，本文结合项目对植入式喉起搏器进行了研究和设计，独创性地采用了趋势检测和极值点判断从呼吸信号中获取触发信号，并根据先进可靠的Qi无线充电标准设计了可以反馈控制的无线充电电路为喉起搏器提供能量，给声带麻痹患者带来了极大的方便，为其他植入式装置供电问题的解决提供了思路，同时也将会带来巨大的经济效益和社会效益。
[Abstract]:Vocal cord paralysis will lead to the patients breathing, voice, swallowing function damage, serious conditions will make patients because of breathing difficulties and life risk, there has been no good solution. Although the traditional therapy can improve breathing to a certain extent, it can damage phonation and swallowing function, which is difficult to take into account. Medical researchers have found that stimulation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle with electrical stimuli synchronized with respiration can improve the breathing of glottis in patients with glottic paralysis and does not affect the function of swallowing and vocalization. This electrical stimulator for the treatment of vocal cord paralysis is called a laryngeal pacemaker. The principle of laryngeal pacemaker in the treatment of vocal cord paralysis was studied in this paper. The respiratory signal was extracted by implantable chest wall pressure sensor. According to the characteristics of respiratory signal, the hardware circuit is designed to amplify, filter and Denoise it, and the clean and complete respiratory waveform is obtained. The circuit of respiratory signal processing based on MSP430 is designed. The trigger signal is obtained by using trend judgment and extremum detection, which effectively solves the sudden problems of swallowing, pronunciation and cough. For patients with different vocal cord paralysis, a bipolar constant current pulse generator circuit with adjustable pulse width, frequency and amplitude is designed, which effectively solves the thorny problem of vocal cord paralysis. Aiming at the problem of long term energy supply for implantable laryngeal pacemakers, a combination of wireless energy transmission and implantable batteries is used to provide energy for laryngeal pacemakers. The model of charging circuit and coupling coil is established. Based on the model, the single-end flyback wireless charging circuit based on TL494 is designed to charge the lithium battery, and the charging process is controlled by secondary feedback. The energy supply problem of implanted laryngeal pacemaker is effectively solved. Aiming at the problem of information exchange of implanted device, the wireless communication mode based on ZigBee is adopted to solve the problem, and the function of feedback, control and monitoring of wireless energy transmission circuit is realized by using communication function skillfully. The stability and security of wireless energy transmission circuit are improved. In the design of laryngeal pacemaker, the particularity of implantable device is fully considered, and the low power hardware and software design method and the small size circuit are adopted. Laryngeal pacemaker can effectively solve the medical problem of vocal cord paralysis, but the development of implantable laryngeal pacemaker has not yet begun in our country. In this paper, the implantable laryngeal pacemaker is studied and designed in combination with the project. The original trend detection and extreme point judgment are used to obtain the trigger signal from the respiratory signal. According to the advanced and reliable Qi wireless charging standard, a feedback controlled wireless charging circuit is designed to provide energy for the larynx pacemaker. It brings great convenience to the patients with vocal cord paralysis, and provides a way to solve the power supply problem of other implanted devices, and will also bring great economic and social benefits.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：TH785.4

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