上海市蓄电池行业铅危害现状调查研究

发布时间：2018-06-25 03:30

本文选题：铅 + 血铅　；参考：《复旦大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：铅(Pb)是一种重金属元素,主要用于蓄电池的生产,在全世界有大量的职业接触人群。IARC将铅列入人类可疑致癌物,在较高剂量的暴露下,铅对神经系统、肾脏、血液系统和生殖系统都具有毒性作用。多年来,随着对铅毒性认识的加深,各国都在严格控制工作场所空气中铅的浓度,但其危害始终存在,特别是在蓄电池行业,各个工艺环节均存在铅的污染,到目前为止,其危害仍没有得到有效地解决。本研究对上海市蓄电池生产、回收企业进行职业卫生调查,分析铅接触人群的外剂量、血铅、尿铅等生化指标的影响,研究职业接触铅人群健康影响效应。在检测蓄电池企业工作场所空气中铅烟、铅尘浓度的基础上,评价铅危害程度及防护措施的防护效果,对于采取更好的举措保护铅作业工人的健康具有重要的意义,为蓄电池行业职业卫生监管工作提供科学依据。本研究分为三步,第一步,采用流行病学调查方法对上海市13家蓄电池生产、组装和回收企业进行职业卫生现状调查,了解其生产工艺流程、设备的密闭化程度、企业采取的防护设施、警示标识的设置等基本情况。第二步,选择5家企业,根据国家规定的方法检测作业场所空气中铅烟、铅尘浓度。第三步,选择防护设施较差、作业环境恶劣、作业场所铅烟浓度较高的回收企业的92名职业接触铅人群进行尿铅、血铅检测,分析和评估铅对职业接触人群健康的影响。流行病学调查结果显示,在上海市蓄电池行业中,生产型企业的规模相对较大,部分工序采用了自动化、密闭化生产,但也存在防护设施设计不合理、敞开作业等情况,同时不同企业之间在现场职业卫生管理等方面也存在较大的差异。组装型企业均为小型企业,生产的产品、产量差异较大,生产环境不理想,厂房设备简陋,主要采用手2122工具进行生产。回收型企业采用敞开式作业,生产环境恶劣,生产设备简陋,防护设施缺失或不足,职业卫生管理不规范。作业环境铅烟、铅尘检测显示：按照我国现行职业卫生标准,上海市蓄电池行业作业环境空气中铅烟浓度超标率为26.5%,最高浓度为0.900mg/m3,为国家职业卫生标准的10倍,平均浓度(P50)为0.037mg/m3(0.002-0.900mg/m3)；铅尘浓度超标率为21.2%,铅尘最高浓度为0.899mg/m3,约为国家职业卫生标准的6倍,平均浓度(P50)为0.031mg/m3(0.001-0.899mg/m3)。不同岗位其浓度差异较大,特别是磨边岗位,铅尘平均浓度(P50)达0.620mg/m3,超过职业卫生标准的4倍。生物接触指标检测结果显示：尿铅值和血铅值具有一定的相关性,相关系数为0.882(p0.01)；男性工人尿铅与血铅相关系数为0.886(p0.01),女性工人尿铅与血铅相关系数为0.795(p0.01)。性别对血铅、尿铅无影响。在各年龄组中,女性铅接触工人血铅、尿铅值分布均衡,不随年龄增加而变化；男性铅接触工人血铅值随着年龄的增加而增加,经卡方检验(p=0.014)和趋势卡方检验(p=0.035)有显著性差异,尿铅分布均衡。将空气中铅接触外剂量与血铅和尿铅值之间进行相关性分析,男性工人外剂量与血铅相关系数为0.335(p=0.003),女性工人外剂量与血铅无相关性；男性工人外剂量与尿铅相关系数为0.353(p=0.002)；女性工人外剂量与尿铅无相关性。随着工龄的延长,接触的铅量越多,男性血铅、尿铅值逐渐增大(p0.01),而女性铅接触工人血铅、尿铅值无明显变化。不同岗位铅接触工人血铅分布均衡,尿铅有显著性差异(p=0.02)。以上结果表明：1、改进生产工艺,合理设置防护设施,改善作业环境和加强职业卫生监管是防治铅中毒重要手段,加强职业卫生培训,提高作业人员的防护意识,加强个体防护也不容忽视。2、职业病危害因素检测是评价作业环境优劣程度的重要指标,是判断职业卫生管理的重要依据。3、通过对铅接触工人外剂量、血铅、尿铅的分析比较,可以发现外剂量指标和血铅、尿铅以及血铅和尿铅之间存在着一定的相关性,有助于职业健康检查及职业病诊断中标志物指标的选择。
[Abstract]:Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal element, which is mainly used in the production of batteries. There are a large number of professional contact people around the world,.IARC, as a suspected carcinogen of human beings. Under high exposure, lead has toxic effects on the nervous system, kidney, blood system and reproductive system. For years, with the deepening of the understanding of lead toxicity, countries have been deeply aware of the toxicity of lead. The concentration of lead in the air of the workplace is strictly controlled, but its harm always exists, especially in the battery industry. The pollution of lead in all process links has been found, so far, its harm has not been effectively solved.
In this study, the occupational health survey of Shanghai battery production and recovery enterprises was carried out. The effects of the external dose of lead exposure, blood lead, urine lead and other biochemical indexes were analyzed, and the effects of occupational exposure to lead people were studied. On the basis of the detection of lead smoke and lead dust concentration in the workplace air of battery enterprises, the degree of lead harm and protection were evaluated. The protective effect of the measures is of great significance for taking better measures to protect the health of the lead workers, and provides a scientific basis for the occupational health supervision of the battery industry.
This study is divided into three steps. The first step is to investigate the occupational health status of 13 battery production, assembly and recovery enterprises in Shanghai by epidemiological investigation, to understand the production process, the closed degree of equipment, the protection facilities adopted by the enterprises, the setting of warning signs and so on. The second steps are to select 5 enterprises and base on the basic situation. The state prescribed method was used to detect lead smoke and lead dust concentration in the air in the workplace. Third steps were made to select 92 occupational lead exposed workers in the recovery enterprise with poor protective facilities, poor working environment and high concentration of lead smoke in the workplace. The effects of lead on the health of occupational exposure people were analyzed and evaluated.
The results of epidemiological survey show that in Shanghai battery industry, the scale of production enterprises is relatively large, some processes are automatic and closed production, but there are also unreasonable protection facilities design, open operation and so on, and there are also great differences between different enterprises in the field of occupational health management and so on. Type enterprises are small enterprises, production products, production differences are large, production environment is not ideal, plant equipment is simple, the main use of hand 2122 tools for production. Recycling enterprises adopt open operation, poor production environment, poor production equipment, lack of protection facilities, occupational health management is not standard.
Lead smoke in the working environment and lead dust detection show that, according to our current occupational health standards, the super standard rate of lead smoke in the ambient air of Shanghai battery industry is 26.5%, the highest concentration is 0.900mg/m3, 10 times the national standard of occupational health, the average concentration (P50) is 0.037mg /m3 (0.002-0.900mg/m3), and the super standard of lead dust concentration is 21.2%. The maximum dust concentration is 0.899mg/m3, about 6 times the national standard of occupational health, and the average concentration (P50) is 0.031mg/m3 (0.001-0.899mg/m3). The concentration difference between the different posts is larger, especially in the grinding edge post, the average concentration of lead dust (P50) is 0.620mg/m3, exceeding 4 times of the occupational health standard.
The results of biological contact index showed that the urine lead value and blood lead value had a certain correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.882 (P0.01), the correlation coefficient of urine lead and blood lead was 0.886 (P0.01) in male workers, and the correlation coefficient of urine lead and blood lead was 0.795 (P0.01) in female workers. Sex had no effect on lead and urine lead. The distribution of lead of blood lead and urine lead did not change with age; the blood lead value of male lead exposed workers increased with the increase of age. There was a significant difference between the chi square test (p=0.014) and the trend chi square test (p=0.035). The distribution of lead in urine was balanced. The correlation between the amount of lead exposure in the air and the value of lead and urine lead in the air was analyzed. The correlation coefficient between the external dose and blood lead was 0.335 (p=0.003), the external dose of female workers was not related to the blood lead, and the correlation coefficient between the external dose and urine lead was 0.353 (p=0.002) for male workers, and the external dose of female workers was not related to urine lead. With the extension of the working age, the more lead amount in contact, the increase of lead in male blood and urine lead (P0.01), and women (P0.01). There was no significant change in blood lead and urine lead level in lead exposed workers. The distribution of blood lead in workers exposed to lead at different posts was evenly distributed, and there was a significant difference in urine lead (p=0.02).
The above results show that: 1, improving the production process, setting up the protective facilities reasonably, improving the working environment and strengthening the occupational health supervision are important means to prevent the lead poisoning, strengthen the training of occupational health, improve the awareness of the protection of the workers, and strengthen the individual protection, which can not be ignored.2. The detection of occupational hazards is the evaluation of the quality of the working environment. The important index is an important basis for judging the management of occupational health. Through the analysis and comparison of the external dose of lead exposed workers, blood lead and urine lead, there is a certain correlation between the external dose index and blood lead, urine lead and blood lead and urine lead, which is helpful to the selection of occupational health and occupational disease diagnosis and the marker index of occupational disease diagnosis.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R134

【参考文献】