武汉市蓄电池行业职业卫生现状及作业工人健康效应调查

发布时间：2018-07-25 16:23

【摘要】：目的：通过对武汉市蓄电池企业的职业卫生现况及其作业工人健康状况进行调查，探讨影响工人血铅水平及健康的主要因素，为铅蓄电池企业采取更有效、更有针对性的劳动保护措施及职业卫生对策提供依据。方法: 随机抽取生产规模和工艺水平具代表性的2家蓄电池企业及其作业工人为研究对象；分别对企业进行现场空气采样，测定铅尘和铅烟含量，同时对其工艺布局及劳动保护措施等职业卫生学相关内容进行调查；随机抽取两企业374名作业工人作为观察对象，对其进行常规的职业健康体检和个人职业防护行为的问卷调查；调查数据采用Epidata3.0软件进行双录入，Excel2003进行数据运算，SPSS16.0进行统计学分析。结果: 1、蓄电池企业调查结果显示：铅烟平均浓度为0.137mg/m3，超标率达64%；铅尘平均浓度为0.228mg/m3，超标率达56.7%。空气铅烟/铅尘浓度总超标率达72.7%。企业生产车间房顶建有8个通风口，装有抽风设备，但并未开启；车间湿式清扫频率不高；作业工人工间休息区设在生产车间内部；饮水区离生产线距离不足５米；每个工位操作台上均设有下抽风系统；部分工位为作业工人配了防毒面具；企业为每位在岗工人都发放了工作服、棉纱口罩、棉布手套、耳塞等个人防护用品，并进行了岗前个人防护培训；其中一家企业将食堂设在生产车间楼上。 2、作业工人职业健康体检结果显示：作业工人血铅浓度均值为280.5±159.8μg/L，其中，高血铅者224例（59.9%），达到临床观察值水平67例（17.9%），达到临床诊断值水平10例（2.7%）。同时其他的健康指标异常情况为：贫血者149例（39.8%）；谷丙转氨酶升高者35例（9.4%）；神经系统有自觉症状但检查未显示异常者205例（54.8%），，消化系统症状者154例（41.2%），心血管系统异常率非常高，主要表现为心电图检查异常者338例（90.3%）。 3、作业工人的个人卫生防护行为调查结果显示：40.1%（约150人）的工人表示经常戴口罩。两家企业几乎所有作业工人都在车间内饮水，其中一家企业的作业工人相当于在车间就餐，52.1%的工人餐前未换下工作服。17.9%的工人下班未洗澡换衣，甚至有工人直接将工作服穿回家中换洗。 4、作业工人血铅水平影响因素的分析结果显示：作业工人岗位铅接触水平（F=64.44，p0.01）、年龄（F=2.66，p=0.0480.05）、工龄（F=29.91，p0.01）、个人防护及卫生习惯（F=66.30，p0.01）、吸烟（t=5.105，p0.01）、饮酒（t=5.008，p0.01）等均对工人血铅水平有影响，且具有统计学意义。将上述影响因素纳入多元回归分析，得到多元回归方程：Y=329.73+72.25X1+3.08X2-5.68X3-20.83X4-53.70X5（X1=铅接触水平，X2=年龄，X3=工龄，X4=个人行为，X5=吸烟），铅接触水平对作业工人血铅浓度影响最大，吸烟及个人防护行为次之，年龄对血铅浓度的影响最小。结论： 1、被调查企业工作场所空气铅烟、铅尘浓度高于国家标准接触限值的水平，超限倍数超标率高。两家企业生产布局不合理，车间排毒设施不完善，现有的通风设施未开启，职业卫生防护部分措施流于形式。 2、工人自我防护行为较差，不佩戴防护用品的现象较为普遍，作业工人高血铅者比例较高，心血管系统异常率较高，作业工人健康状况不容乐观。 3、作业工人铅接触水平、个人防护行为及工龄是影响其血铅水平的主要因素。面对蓄电池行业严重的铅污染现状，政府及职业卫生管理部门应加大投入和加强监督，企业要配备完善的防护设施及设备，加强工人岗前、岗中培训及健康教育，提高蓄电池工人铅烟/铅尘的自我防护意识，指导工人养成健康的卫生习惯。
[Abstract]:Objective:
Through the investigation of the current status of occupational health and the health status of the workers in Wuhan battery enterprises, the main factors affecting the blood lead level and health of the workers are discussed, and the basis is provided for the more effective, more targeted labor protection measures and occupational health countermeasures for the lead-acid battery enterprises.
Method:
2 typical storage battery enterprises and their workers were selected as the research objects randomly. The field air sampling, the determination of lead dust and the content of lead smoke were carried out respectively, and the technical layout and labor protection measures were investigated, and the 374 masterpieces of the two enterprises were randomly selected. As the object of observation, the workers carried out a questionnaire survey on the routine occupational health examination and personal occupational protection behavior. The survey data were recorded by Epidata3.0 software, Excel2003 was used for data operation, and SPSS16.0 was statistically analyzed.
Result:
1, the result of the battery enterprise survey shows that the average concentration of lead smoke is 0.137mg/m3, the exceeding standard rate is 64%, the average concentration of lead dust is 0.228mg/m3, the excess rate reaches the total standard of 56.7%. air lead smoke / lead dust, and the total exceeding standard of 56.7%. air lead smoke / lead dust is up to 8 air vent in the roof of 72.7%. enterprise production workshop, which is equipped with suction equipment, but it is not open; the frequency of wet cleaning in the workshop is not high; The working workers' rest area is located inside the production workshop; the water area is less than 5 meters away from the production line; the ventilation system is set on each station operating table; some workers are equipped with gas masks for the workers; the enterprises have issued work clothes, cotton yarn mouth cover, cotton gloves, earplug and other personal protective supplies for every working worker. And pre job personal protection training was conducted, one of which built the dining hall upstairs in the production workshop.
2, the occupational health examination results showed that the mean blood lead concentration of the workers was 280.5 + 159.8 mu g/L, of which 224 cases (59.9%) were high blood lead (59.9%), 67 cases (17.9%) reached the clinical observation level, and the clinical diagnostic value was 10 (2.7%). At the same time, the other abnormal health indicators were 149 cases (39.8%) and alanine aminotransferase. 35 cases (9.4%) were high, 205 cases (54.8%) had no abnormal symptoms but 154 cases (41.2%) of digestive system symptoms, and the abnormal rate of cardiovascular system was very high. The main manifestations were 338 cases (90.3%) with abnormal electrocardiogram examination.
3, the investigation of the workers' personal health protection behavior showed that 40.1% (about 150 people) said they often wear masks. Almost all the workers in the two enterprises were drinking water in the workshop. One of the workers in one enterprise was equivalent to the meal in the workshop, and 52.1% of the workers who did not replace the.17.9% in the work clothes before the meal did not take a bathing change from work. Some workers even wear their work clothes home for change.
4, the analysis of the influence factors of the blood lead level of the workers showed that the lead level (F=64.44, P0.01), the age (F=2.66, p=0.0480.05), the working age (F=29.91, P0.01), the personal protection and health habits (F=66.30, P0.01), smoking (t=5.105, P0.01), drinking (t=5.008, P0.01) were all affecting the blood lead level of the workers, and the statistics were statistically significant. The above factors were included in multiple regression analysis to obtain multiple regression equations: Y=329.73+72.25X1+3.08X2-5.68X3-20.83X4-53.70X5 (X1= lead exposure level, X2= age, X3= working age, X4= personal behavior, X5= smoking). Lead exposure had the greatest influence on the concentration of blood lead in workers, smoking and personal protection, age to blood. The effect of lead concentration is the least.
Conclusion:
1, the air lead smoke in the workplace of the enterprise is investigated. The concentration of lead dust is higher than the level of the national standard, the excess rate is high. The production layout of the two enterprises is unreasonable, the plant detoxification facilities are not perfect, the existing ventilation facilities are not opened, and some measures of occupational health protection are in the form.
2, the workers' self-protection behavior is poor, the phenomenon of not wearing protective equipment is more common, the proportion of workers with high blood lead is higher, the abnormal rate of cardiovascular system is high, and the health status of workers is not optimistic.
3, lead exposure level, personal protection behavior and working age are the main factors affecting the level of blood lead. Facing the serious lead pollution status of the battery industry, the government and occupational health management departments should increase investment and strengthen supervision. Enterprises should be equipped with perfect protection facilities and equipment, and strengthen workers' pre job training and health education. To improve the self-protection consciousness of lead smoke / lead dust in battery workers, and guide workers to develop healthy habits.
【学位授予单位】：武汉科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：R13

【参考文献】