优秀运动员知觉预期能力优势的特点及神经机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 09:47

本文选题：优秀运动员 + 知觉预期　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：知觉预期是运动员在运动情境中利用部分外界信息或先行信息预测即将发生事件的认知过程。姒刚彦教授（2011）指出知觉预期能力是技能对抗类运动项目（如羽毛球，拳击，篮球等）最核心的心理素质。对知觉预期进行有针对性的训练有助于提高运动员的竞技成绩。当前已有的研究通过专家——新手范式获得了大量证据，表明专家运动员比新手有更优秀的知觉预期能力。但是专家运动员的这种优势存在于视觉信息加工阶段、内在加工阶段和加工后机体反应阶段中的哪一阶段抑或哪几个阶段？这个问题至今没有充分肯定的答案。本研究针对这一问题进行深入具体的分析研究。前人关于知觉预期的研究往往将简单反应时，选择反应时和预期反应时混在一起进行探讨，不能很清晰的区别专家和新手在知觉预期方面的差别。所以实验一对专家——新手在简单反应时、选择反应时和预期反应时上的差异逐一进行分析，以便更清楚的认识到专家比新手在哪些方面有优势。实验一考察假动作任务和一般技能的预期反应时以及二者相对应的点刺激反应时的差异，并结合ShujiMori（2002）的研究，从简单反应时到特殊技能的预期反应时进行系统的分析。实验一的结果显示：从反应时角度而言，随着任务的难度的增加，专家运动员并没有表现出比新手更明显的优势。但是有假动作任务的反应时比无假动作任务的反应时长，这似乎说明了带有欺骗性的行为对新手和专家起到的大致相同的作用。实验二在实验一的基础上进一步研究，在存在预期优势的任务条件下探讨知觉预期反应内在加工机制。实验中将录像刺激材料分割成不同的时刻点（t1—t9）。要求被试对不同时刻点的情境刺激进行预期判断，从而获得在不同时刻定格点的准确率和自信心评价进行趋势分析。通过对不同定格点变化情况的研究，得到假动作任务的预期正确率要低于无假动作任务的正确率；专家——新手在假动作任务中的正确率有差异，而在无假动作任务中二者差异很小。专家的预期自信心程度均高于新手，同时在两组被试中，无假动作任务的预期自信心程度均高于有假动作任务。从t1时刻到t6时刻的各水平自信心程度差异较大，而t7时刻之后差异逐渐减小。实验三通过ERPs技术考察专家和新手在视觉信息加工方面的特征，并分析二者差异。实验三在实验二的基础之上以专家运动员预期反应准确率达到80%且和新手有显著差异的时刻点切割序列图片作为实验材料。参考经典ERPs研究范式oddball范式，将有假动作任务以60%，无假动作任务以40%的比例设计，进行知觉预期的ERPs实验。实验结果得到，额—中央区的N2成分的波幅和顶枕区的P2潜伏期、波幅以及（P3L－P2L）在专家运动员和新手之间均得到了显著的差异。这表明在知觉预期过程中专家运动员更加注意早期视觉刺激为后续的认知加工做准备，并且更早的进行信息编码，更早的开始了对刺激的评估过程，但比新手花费了更长的时间来进行评估。此外，通过脑电地形图的分析发现，，在知觉预期过程中腹侧束和背侧束相应脑区均被激活，可以推断背侧束和腹侧束联合作用于知觉预期过程。通过以上三个实验，我们发现专家运动员之所以比新手有比较优秀的知觉预期能力，有以下三个原因：（1）专家运动员只在复杂的具有专业特性的任务中展现出反应时优势，这与其运动的熟悉性有关系；（2）因为对运动情境的熟悉性，尤其是比较有专业特性的任务，专家运动员有更强的自信心去完成任务，从而也表现出高的正确率；（3）专家运动员能够更早的利用运动情境的长时记忆系统来进行估计和作出决策。总而言之，随着运动训练经验的增加，专家运动员在诸多方面积累了优势尤其是在信息加工能力方面的优势。另外通过脑地形图发现腹侧束和背侧束在知觉预期过程中共同出现，这可能对传统的知觉预期定义提出挑战。
[Abstract]:Perceptual expectation is the cognitive process that the athletes use some outside information or information to predict the upcoming events in the sports situation. Professor Si Gang (2011) points out that the perception anticipation ability is the core competence of the skill antagonism sports events such as badminton, boxing, basketball and so on. It helps to improve the athletic performance of the athletes. The current research has obtained a lot of evidence through the experts - the novice paradigm, indicating that the expert athletes have better perception than the novice. But the advantage of the expert athletes exists in the visual information processing stage, the internal processing stage and the post processing stage of the body reaction. Which stage or which stage? This question has not yet been fully affirmed. This research has carried on the thorough and concrete analysis to this question.
The previous studies on perceptual anticipation often discuss the reaction time and the expected response when they choose the reaction time. It is not clear that the difference between the experts and the novice in the perceptual expectation is not clear. So the experiment is a pair of experts, when the novice is simply responding, the difference between the choice of reaction time and the expected reaction time is carried out one by one. Analysis, in order to understand more clearly the advantages of the expert than the novice. Experiment one examines the expected response of the false action task and the general skills and the difference in the corresponding point response of the two, and combines the study of the ShujiMori (2002) to the systematic analysis of the expected response to the special skills from the simple reaction time. The results of one test showed that, from the point of view of the reaction, the expert athletes did not show more obvious advantages than the novice, but the response time of the false action task was longer than that of the non action task, which seemed to indicate that the deceptive behavior was roughly the same to the novice and the expert. Effect.
In experiment two, on the basis of the experiment one, we further studied the intrinsic processing mechanism of the perceptual anticipation reaction under the predominant task conditions. In the experiment, the video stimulus materials were divided into different time points (T1 - T9). The correct rate of the false action task is lower than the correct rate of the non false action task through the study of the change of different setting points. The correct rate of the expert in the false action task is different, and the two differences are very small in the non false action task. The expectation of the expert is expected. The degree of self-confidence is higher than that of the novice, while in the two groups, the expected confidence level of the non false action task is higher than that of the false action task. The level of self-confidence varies greatly from the T1 time to the T6 moment, and the difference gradually decreases after the time of T7.
Experiment three inspects the features of experts and novice in visual information processing through ERPs technology and analyzes the differences between the two. Experiment three on the basis of experiment two, the time point cutting sequence images of the expert athletes' expected response accuracy rate reached 80% and the novice had significant differences. Reference to the classic ERPs research paradigm oddbal In the L paradigm, a false action task was designed with 60% and 40% of the non false action tasks to carry out a perceived ERPs experiment. The experimental results showed that the amplitude of the N2 component in the frontal central region and the P2 latency of the top pillow area, the amplitude and (P3L P2L) were significantly different between the expert athletes and the novice. In the process, the expert athletes pay more attention to the early visual stimulation for the subsequent cognitive processing, and the earlier information coding, early to start the evaluation of the stimulation process, but it takes longer than the novice to evaluate. In addition, the analysis of the brain topographic map shows the ventral bundle and the ventral beam in the perceptual anticipation process. The corresponding brain regions of the dorsal bundle are activated, and it is concluded that the dorsal and ventral bundles play a role in the perceptual anticipation process.
Through the above three experiments, we find that expert athletes have better perceptual anticipation ability than the novice. There are three reasons for the following: (1) expert athletes only show their advantages in a complex and professional task, which is related to their familiarity with the movement; (2) because of the familiarity with the sports situation, especially It is a task with more professional characteristics. Expert athletes have more confidence to accomplish tasks, and thus show high accuracy. (3) expert athletes can use the long time memory system of sports situations to make estimates and make decisions earlier. In short, expert athletes are in many ways with the increase of exercise training experience. The advantages, especially in information processing capabilities, are accumulated. In addition, it is found that the ventral and dorsal fasciculus appear together in the process of perceptual anticipation through the topographic map, which may challenge the traditional perception expectation definition.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G804.2

【参考文献】