国际空间站上的空间生命科学研究与进展

发布时间：2018-09-12 09:12

【摘要】：第一批长期考查组进驻国际空间站(ISS)开始长期载人飞行活动,揭开了人类航天史上崭新的一页,迄今已成功完成14批长期考查组飞行任务。在航天飞行中,航天员受到微重力、辐射、昼夜节律变化、隔离等异常环境因素的影响。为保障航天员长期飞行的健康,在ISS上已开展或将要开展的空间生命科学研究共计59项。这些研究探讨了长期失重引起骨皮质下骨质丧失与恢复的速度,骨骼肌萎缩与功能降低的特点,脊髓兴奋性降低,以及免疫功能降低与病毒再度活化的关系。另外,亦观察了长期隔离导致航天员心理与行为的变化,昼夜快速转换对睡眠的影响,并发现长期辐射可能引起白内障与肿瘤,也可能导致生殖、神经系统的损害,甚至会诱发遗传性病变。同时在飞行过程中检验了药物、运动、营养与振动等对抗措施的有效性,并进一步观测这些对抗措施对不同系统的防护效果。这些研究结果为发展新一代、针对性更强的对抗措施奠定了坚实基础。
[Abstract]:The first group of long term inspection teams have been stationed on the International Space Station (ISS) to begin long-term manned flight, which has opened a new page in the history of human spaceflight. So far, 14 missions of the long term inspection group have been successfully completed. In space flight, astronauts are affected by abnormal environmental factors such as microgravity, radiation, circadian rhythm, isolation and so on. In order to ensure the long-term health of astronauts, 59 space life science studies have been carried out or will be carried out on ISS. These studies explored the relationship between the rate of subcortical bone loss and recovery, the characteristics of skeletal muscle atrophy and functional decline, the decrease of spinal cord excitability, and the reduction of immune function and the reactivation of the virus due to long-term weightlessness. In addition, we have also observed the effects of prolonged isolation on the psychological and behavioral changes of astronauts, the rapid change of night and day on sleep, and found that long-term radiation may cause cataracts and tumors, as well as damage to the reproductive and nervous system. It can even induce genetic lesions. At the same time, the effectiveness of countermeasures such as drugs, exercise, nutrition and vibration were tested during the flight, and the protective effects of these countermeasures on different systems were further observed. These results lay a solid foundation for the development of a new generation and more targeted countermeasures.
【作者单位】：第四军医大学航空航天生理学教研室;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金资助课题(30370538)
【分类号】：R852

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