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基于聚合物量子点的光动力疗法治疗胃癌的实验研究

发布时间:2018-02-28 11:12

  本文关键词: 聚合物量子点 四苯基卟啉 光动力疗法 光敏剂 胃癌 出处:《吉林大学》2015年博士论文 论文类型:学位论文


【摘要】:背景 胃癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国发病率很高。中国2013年肿瘤登记年报显示,2010年胃癌死亡率占恶性肿瘤死亡率的第3位。早期胃癌多无症状或仅有轻微症状,当临床症状明显时,绝大多数病变已属中晚期。目前,外科手术切除、内镜下切除、放射治疗及药物化学治疗仍是主要治疗手段。但遗憾的是,有些患者虽然经过上述治疗,但对病灶治疗仍不理想。光动力疗法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT)作为一种微创性治疗手段,获得越来越多的关注。这种方法利用特定波长的光激发被肿瘤细胞摄取的光敏剂,产生细胞毒性因子,导致肿瘤细胞受损甚至死亡,以达到治疗肿瘤的目的。因此,光敏剂是PDT治疗的关键。 有机半导体聚合物(又称聚合物量子点)是一类因共轭π电子而产生半导体性质的高分子材料,具有非常大的光学吸收截面、很高的荧光量子效率,在相应波长的光激发下,可以通过荧光共振转移将能量转移给光敏剂或其他能够产生单线态氧的物质。聚合物量子点内部的柔性疏水特质可以解决许多药物的水溶性问题,外部的亲水链段在水中溶解起稳定作用。另外,半导体聚合物量子点的荧光性能,又能帮助追踪光敏剂的位置,更好的实现光敏剂的定位和实时监测。这些特性使得聚合物量子点作为光敏剂的纳米载体比传统的需要释放出装载的光敏剂的纳米载体具有明显的优势。 目的: 本实验拟以聚合物量子点为光敏剂的载体,采用纳米再沉淀法将难溶于水的光敏剂封装在聚合物中,制备出掺杂光敏剂的聚合物纳米粒子(以下称为TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子);通过体外细胞和体内动物实验,,研究TPP-dopedPFBT纳米粒子在人胃癌细胞和裸鼠人胃癌移植瘤模型(简称为荷瘤鼠)的分布、及其介导的PDT对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤组织的杀伤效果,探讨该纳米粒子介导的PDT治疗胃癌的可行性。 方法: ⑴采用纳米再沉淀方法制备TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子;通过紫外可见分光光度计测其吸收值,计算出纳米粒子溶液的浓度;采用动态光散射,测量纳米粒子的尺寸与粒径分布;采用透射电镜,测定纳米粒子的形貌;采用紫外可见分光光度计和荧光光谱仪对纳米粒子进行光谱分析;在50mW/cm2蓝色LED灯光照条件下,采用ADMA检测纳米粒子溶液中单线态氧的产生。 ⑵在体外细胞实验部分,根据纳米粒子本身的荧光特性,通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪,观察纳米粒子在细胞内定位、摄取;用MTT法检测TPP-dopedPFBT纳米粒子的暗毒性,及其介导的PDT对人胃腺癌SGC-7901细胞的杀伤作用,观察纳米粒子与细胞相互作用时间、纳米粒子浓度及光照剂量对PDT效果的影响;光学显微镜及荧光显微镜下观察PDT后细胞的形态、细胞内活性氧、线粒体膜电位和细胞核形态的改变。 ⑶建立裸鼠人胃癌移植瘤模型,采用小动物成像系统观察TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子在荷瘤鼠内的分布;不同的给药方式,TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子介导的PDT对荷瘤鼠的肿瘤抑制作用及它们之间的差异。PDT治疗结束后,摘除肿瘤、肝脏、脾、肾、肺和心脏,经10%中性福尔马林缓冲液固定,石蜡包埋切片,常规HE染色后,使用光学显微镜观察各组织的形态学改变。 结果: ⑴成功制备了TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子,球形,直径约24nm,吸收波长460nm,发射波长625-750nm。460nm蓝光激发时,TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子中聚合物PFBT通过荧光共振转移将能量传递给光敏剂TPP,产生红色荧光。分析ADMA检测纳米粒子溶液中的单线态氧发现,在光照条件下,该纳米粒子产生的单线态氧含量与光照时间呈正相关,约在13min到达平台期。 ⑵体外细胞实验部分,通过对荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪的结果分析发现,TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子可以通过SGC-7901细胞的细胞膜,定位于细胞质;随着纳米粒子的浓度增加,SGC-7901细胞摄取的纳米粒子增加,摄取纳米粒子的细胞数目也在增加。分析MTT检测结果发现,无光照条件下,TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子对肿瘤细胞和正常细胞均无暗毒性;TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子介导的PDT对人胃腺癌SGC-7901细胞的杀伤作用,与细胞相互作用时间、纳米粒子浓度及光照剂量呈正相关;光学显微镜及荧光显微镜下观察发现,PDT后细胞呈凋亡和坏死状态,如细胞皱缩变圆、体积变小、出现胞质内空泡、细胞间隙增大、折光性减弱、贴壁能力下降;细胞核内染色质固缩,有很多颗粒样物质和碎片;PDT后细胞内活性氧的增加,线粒体膜电位遭到破坏。 ⑶体内实验结果显示,静脉注射TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子主要分布于荷瘤鼠的肝脏和脾,肿瘤组织内较少分布,而在肿瘤组织局部注射的纳米粒子,则主要蓄积于肿瘤组织。TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子介导的光动力疗法对荷瘤鼠的肿瘤有明显的抑制和杀伤作用,包括肿瘤内部大面积的凝固性坏死、肿瘤细胞呈团块状分布、炎症细胞浸润、微血管减少,尤其是局部注射纳米粒子。静脉注射纳米粒子对荷瘤鼠的肝脏有损伤作用,其他脏器未见损伤。结论: ⑴TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子尺寸均一、粒径小、无细胞暗毒性,其中聚合物可为内部光敏剂提供能量,产生红色荧光和单线态氧,具有良好的开发应用前景。 ⑵TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子介导的PDT对人胃癌细胞和荷瘤鼠的肿瘤具有明显的治疗作用,可引起肿瘤细胞的凋亡和坏死。 ⑶TPP-doped PFBT纳米粒子具有被动靶向性,但静脉给药时对荷瘤鼠的肝脏有损伤作用,应该在后续的试验中进一步改善纳米粒子在体内的代谢动力学特性,增加主动靶向性,提高PDT疗效,降低毒副作用。
[Abstract]:background
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. The morbidity is very high in our country. China 2013 cancer registry annual report shows that in 2010, the mortality of gastric cancer accounted for third. The mortality of malignant tumor in early gastric cancer without symptoms or only mild symptoms, when clinical symptoms, most lesions had been advanced. At present. Surgical resection, endoscopic resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs is the main treatment. Unfortunately, some patients even after the treatment, but the treatment of the lesions is still not ideal. Photodynamic therapy (Photodynamic therapy, PDT) as a minimally invasive treatment, is gaining more and more attention. By this method. A specific wavelength of light excitation by the tumor cell uptake of photosensitizer, produce cytotoxic factor, leading to tumor cell damage and even death, in order to achieve the purpose of treatment of cancer. Therefore, the photosensitizer is PDT The key to the treatment.
Organic polymer (also called polymer semiconductor quantum dots) is a kind of polymer material for conjugated electron and semiconductor properties, has a very large optical absorption cross-section, fluorescence quantum efficiency is very high, the corresponding excitation wavelength of light, by fluorescence resonance energy transfer will be transferred to the photosensitizer or other substances produced can singlet oxygen. Flexible hydrophobic characteristics of internal polymer quantum dots can solve many problems of water soluble drugs, hydrophilic external stabilization dissolved in water. In addition, the fluorescence properties of polymer semiconductor quantum dots, and can help track the photosensitizer position, achieve better positioning and real-time monitoring of photosensitizer. The characteristics of the polymer quantum dots as nano carrier photosensitizer than traditional need to release nanoparticles loaded photosensitizer has obvious advantages.
Objective:
This experiment intends to polymer quantum dots as photosensitizer carrier, using nano will be insoluble in water and precipitation of photosensitizer encapsulated in polymers, preparation of polymer nanoparticles doped photosensitizer (hereinafter referred to as TPP-doped PFBT nanoparticles); in vitro and in vivo animal experiment study of TPP-dopedPFBT nanoparticles in human gastric cancer cells and nude mice transplantation human gastric tumor model (referred to as mice) distribution, and its killing effect mediated by PDT on tumor cells and tumor tissues, to explore the feasibility of the nanoparticle mediated PDT therapy for gastric cancer.
Method锛

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