《罗马条例III》的主要内容及其对中国的借鉴

  本文关键词：《罗马条例III》的主要内容及其对中国的借鉴，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        随着全球化的发展,国际间的人员流动越来越频繁。伴随着人际交往的国际化,涉外婚姻普遍出现,过去的20年间,涉外婚姻的数量不断攀升。在涉外婚姻中,由于夫妻间文化差异、习惯差异等等各种原因,离婚也是频频发生。面对涉外离婚的日益增多,国际间解决涉外离婚纠纷的规定也在不断做出调整。涉外离婚纠纷一个很重要的方面就是法律适用问题。因为国家间彼此司法独立,涉外离婚与各个国家的公共秩序以及国民的切身利益息息相关,各国的法律对涉外离婚问题的规定有所不同,在适用法律时需要解决的是两个或两个以上国家的婚姻家庭法(或亲属法)的冲突问题。这些法律冲突直接影响了离婚当事人的利益。不同的准据法选择方法会使涉外离婚纠纷适用不同国家的法律,而适用不同国家的法律则会导致不相同的结果。解决这一冲突是各国国际私法努力的方向。我国2010年通过的《涉外民事关系法律适用法》对涉外离婚的法律适用做出了新的规定,不过新的规定并没有解决实践中的所有问题,还有很大的改善空间。欧盟是一个涉外婚姻现象非常普遍的区域,因此,家庭法是欧盟国际民事司法合作的主要领域,关于该领域的立法,欧盟一直保持较为领先的水平。为了解决欧盟领域内涉外婚姻纠纷,欧盟理事会先后颁布了多项条例,最新的成果是2010年12月通过的《罗马条例Ⅲ》。本文拟评析《罗马条例III》和《涉外民事关系法律适用法》的规定,希望能对完善我国涉外离婚的法律适用制度有所裨益。本文分为三个部分,分别为《罗马条例Ⅲ》的立法演变及主要内容、《罗马条例Ⅲ》与我国涉外离婚法律适用法的比较和《罗马条例Ⅲ》对中国的借鉴。在欧盟内部存在两个平行的法律体系,即欧盟法和成员国法。立法规定的不同必然会导致法律冲突。一般来说,欧盟的法律冲突包含三个类型：欧盟法与成员国法之间的冲突、欧盟内部各成员国内法律之间的冲突、欧盟法与其他外部法律的冲突。在解决法律冲突、统一国际私法的问题上,欧盟做出了诸多努力。欧盟成员国之间有关婚姻事项和父母亲责任的管辖权和判决的承认与执行规范存在差异,阻碍了欧盟内部经济的正常运作以及成员国之间各种人员的自由流动,不利于欧盟共同目标的实现。在此背景下,《布鲁塞尔公约Ⅱ》、《布鲁塞尔条例II》、《布鲁塞尔条例II a》依次由欧盟理事会颁布,欧盟家庭法的统一化程度越来越高。《罗马条例Ⅲ》的出现试图解决涉外离婚的法律适用问题,其适用于涉外离婚与司法别居纠纷。条例的核心原则是意思自治原则,通过赋予了当事人选择准据法的自由,增强法律适用的确定性、可预见性和灵活性,使当事人对结果有一定的预期。我国2010年颁布的《涉外民事关系法律适用法》顺应了国际私法的发展趋势,取得了很大的进步,但是其仍然有很多需要完善的地方。进步之处一是在于涉外离婚的主体周延,将其扩展到涉及涉外离婚纠纷的当事人；二是确立了涉外离婚纠纷中的当事人意思自治原则；三是确立了涉外协议离婚方式。不足之处也有三点,一是诉讼离婚的法律适用上不允许意思自治;二是没有规定涉外离婚实质要件的法律适用；三是当事人自主选择方式不明确。《涉外民事关系法律适用法》与《罗马条例Ⅲ》也存在共同点。首先,《法律适用法》与《罗马条例Ⅲ》都采用了递进式的选择性法律规范；其次,两者的规定中均体现了意思自治原则和最密切联系原则；再次,两者都将当事人共同惯常居所地法作为适用的首选。欧盟在涉外离婚的法律适用领域的最新成果非常值得我国借鉴,主要表现在两个方面,首先,关于法律选择协议的效力认定,我国应当增加对协议的实质要求与形式要求：其次,我国对离婚准据法的适用范围应做出明确规定。

    The international flows of people were more and more frequent with the development of globalization. In the past two decades, the number of intercultural marriages was rising due to the widespread foreign marriage with interpersonal internationalization. And the divorce was also frequent in foreign marriage because of the couple cultural differences, habits and so on. As a result, solutions of foreign-related divorce dispute were continuing adjusted. An important aspect of the Foreign-related divorce disputes is the legal application problems. The country judicial was independence between each other, so divorce was much closed to public order and people’s benefit. Each counter’s provisions on foreign-related divorce problem is different, so how to solve the conflict of different laws on marriage were very important. These laws conflict directly affected the benefit of the parties in a divorce. Different methods to choose law would make different results. Resolve the conflict is the efforts in the direction of the private international law.In2010, our country pass a resolution about Law of the Application of Foreign-related Civil Relations, it had some new rules about foreign-related divorce. But the new regulation does not solve all the problems in practice, there are a lot of improve space. The foreign-related marriage phenomenon of European Union were very common, therefore, family law are the main areas of cooperation in the field of international civil justice, so the EU has maintained a leading level in the world. In order to solve the disputes of Foreign-related marriage, the European council has issued several regulations, the latest achievements is Rome III in December2010. This paper analyzed the Rome Ⅲ and Law of the Application of Foreign-related Civil Relations, and hoped to perfect the law about China’s foreign-related divorce. This paper were divided into three parts, main point of Rome Ⅲ; comparison between Rome Ⅲ and Law of the Application of Foreign-related Civil Relations; and Rome Ⅲ for China’s reference.Within the EU there are two parallel legal systems, namely the law for European Union and the law for members of the EU. Different legislation will inevitably lead to conflict of laws. Generally speaking, conflict of EU law includes three types:conflict between members of the law and national law; conflict between each member’s domestic laws; conflict between European Union law and other external legal. In solving the conflict of laws, the European Union has made many efforts. Therefore, the first part of the paper introduced achievements in the field of foreign-related marriages of European Union, the basic content and the background of Rome III. Matters relating to marriage, jurisdiction of parents responsibility and enforcement of judgments specification were different between EU member states, hindered the normal operation of the EU economy and free movement of all kinds of personnel between member states, it were not conducive to the EU common goal. In this context, the Brussels II Convention, the Brussels II Regulation, the Brussels II bis Regulation were in turn to be promulgated by the European council; the European Union family law unification degree would be higher and higher. The emergence of the Rome III were trying to solve the law applying problem of foreign-related divorce, it were applicable to foreign-related divorce and justice dispute.The second part analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the Law of the Application of Foreign-related Civil Relations. One of the Progresses were the main body of foreign-related divorce expand to the parties of the disputes; the other were to establish the principle in the foreign-related divorce disputes; the last were to establish the agreement of foreign-related divorce. But there were also three deficiencies. At the first, the law didn’t allow autonomy of mean; then there weren’t a applicable law to substantial requirements of foreign-related divorce; at last, the parties’own way of choosing were not clear. Law of the Application of Foreign-related Civil Relations was in common with Rome Ⅲ. Firstly, they were all choosing progressive type of selective legal norms; secondly, the two rules embodied the principle of party autonomy and most significant relationship; thirdly, they all chose the law which was issued in living place of the parties.The last part introduced the reference of Rome Ⅲ to China. First of all, our country should increase requirements of substantial and formal; Secondly, China should increase about choosing the time of law rules, again, our country made clear rules about the use range of the applicable law.

《罗马条例III》的主要内容及其对中国的借鉴

摘要4-6Abstract6-8引言9-12一、《罗马条例Ⅲ》的立法演变及主要内容12-27    (一)《罗马条例Ⅲ》立法背景12    (二) 立法沿革：从《布鲁塞尔公约Ⅱ》到《罗马条例Ⅲ》12-16    (三) 《罗马条例Ⅲ》概述16-27二、《罗马条例Ⅲ》与我国涉外离婚法律适用立法的比较27-34    (一) 我国对涉外离婚法律适用的立法发展27-28    (二) 现行涉外离婚法律适用的进步之处28-30    (三) 现行涉外离婚法律适用法的不足之处30-32    (四) 《罗马条例Ⅲ》与我国涉外离婚法律适用法的共性32-34三、《罗马条例Ⅲ》对中国的借鉴34-36    (一) 关于法律选择协议的效力认定34-35    (二) 关于离婚准据法的适用范围问题35-36结语36-38参考文献38-41致谢41-42攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文目录42

  本文关键词：《罗马条例III》的主要内容及其对中国的借鉴，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。