笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定研究

发布时间：2018-06-06 22:40

本文选题：笔迹鉴定 + 同一认定　；参考：《华东政法大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：笔迹鉴定从诞生之日起,就在不断探寻与解答这样一项问题:案件中客观存在的笔迹究竟源自于何人。可以说,准确予以破题的关键,即如何通过笔迹来实现人身同一认定之目的。因而,同一认定亦被视之为笔迹鉴定,乃至整个司法鉴定领域的基本理论与核心基础之一。20世纪50年代末期,同一认定原理自前苏联传入我国后,经过国内学者对其所进行的论述与阐释,笔迹鉴定领域中的同一认定问题研究已形成一定理论基础。其主要侧重从概念界定、科学基础、程序方法等角度进行了相关研究。同时,司法实践中大量笔迹鉴定案例的存在,也为同一认定研究提供了极为宝贵的经验积累。但客观而言,当前笔迹鉴定领域中的同一认定研究,多集中于经验结构与某一具体层面的探讨,相关成果仍不甚丰厚。如何从理论体系与实证分析相结合的角度,对笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定进行系统剖析与研究,则是当前亟待解决的一项重要课题。故本文即立足于此,分别从学理定位、论证基础、实务探析、证据应用以及保障基石的多维视角,较为深入地对笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定予以了系统研究。全文含导论部分在内,共分为六章,总字数约24万,其具体内容如下:导论部分中,笔者首先对笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定研究背景、研究意义予以了整体阐述。其次,针对国内外笔迹鉴定及其同一认定有关的文献资料的梳理、阐释与综述,明确了当前国内外学界对于前述问题的研究现状与现有成果。在此基础上,得以对当前笔迹鉴定领域中的同一认定研究于以较为客观的评价。对于当前已较为完备且形成体系化的学术成果,可以为本文的研究提供诸多有益之借鉴;而经过文献研究与梳理所发现的现实不足与缺憾,则可以通过问题意识的引导与关注,以便于为本文研究过程中的系统探讨与论证提供必要之铺垫。最后,导论部分针对本文的研究方法与研究内容等予以了系统阐释与厘析。第一章系笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定学理定位。首先,本文侧重于学理角度深入探讨了同一认定中的“同一”术语内涵。鉴于当前学界对于“同一”术语的不同阐释与学说,本文从“同一”本质要义的层面予以了分析与判断,进而提出对于“同一”术语的准确理解。其次,本文通过“相似”、“相同”等与“同一”极易混淆的语词辨析,强调了“同一”的实质系客体自身与自身相同一。针对笔迹鉴定领域内存在的同一认定而言,本文从释义解读着手,不仅明晰了其学理界说与构成要素,亦从理性认知的角度对其予以了深入把握。笔迹鉴定实案中存在各类情形,虽会影响到同一认定的具体模式,但无论是哪类模式,其所呈现出的特点却基本一致。故本文分别着眼于模式分类与主要特点的观察视角,对于笔迹鉴定中的同一认定作出了分析与探讨。客观而言,同一认定活动存在的领域并不局限于笔迹鉴定。基于同一认定的前述特性,本文选择日常生活、刑事侦查以及其他鉴定中存在的同一认定活动,与笔迹鉴定内蕴含的同一认定之异同作出辨析与总结。最后,针对当前笔迹鉴定领域内有关同一认定的质疑与困惑,笔者亦予以全面梳理与归纳,以明晰各项亟待解决之问题。第二章系笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定论证基础。在已过去的二十年内,一个对司法鉴定持有怀疑的时代已经来临。各类争议与疑惑中,针对书写人的同一认定往往因其科学性的质疑而处在了争议的风口浪尖。但同一认定在笔迹鉴定领域内的长期实践与成效,已然印证了其在书写人认定同一方面的证明价值。考虑到唯有对其科学性予以论证,才能消解前述同一认定所面临的争议与质疑之声。故本文分别从笔迹鉴定中的同一认定客观依据、检验机理与科学基础等本源出发,对其科学性予以了系统论证与阐释。第一,同一认定的客观依据,决定了笔迹鉴定中是否能够利用同一认定活动来对书写人作出认定的关键所在。本文对于个体书写习惯所呈现出的外在反映性、个体差异性以及相对稳定性的深入认识与阐释,已然明晰前述三者作为笔迹鉴定中同一认定必备要件的应然之地位。第二,同一认定的检验机理,印证了缘何通过笔迹可以对书写人予以同一认定的思考。同时,对于书写技能与书写习惯这两项检验机理的阐释,亦提升了同一认定在笔迹鉴定领域中的理论积淀。第三,同一认定作为一项专门性认识活动的背后,系由相应科学基础为其支撑依据。对于笔迹鉴定而言,其所涉及的同一认定研究不仅涉及极为宏观的哲理层面,亦涉及生理、心理与法理领域。故本文力图从哲理、生理、心理、法理等多维视角出发,对于笔迹鉴定中同一认定所蕴含的科学基础进行较为系统与全面的分析与论述。第三章系笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定实务探析。除了从理论层面对于笔迹鉴定中的同一认定予以系统研究外,其实务应用的探讨与完善亦是一项不容忽视之课题。笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定活动,唯有在检案实践的基础上才能形成对于笔迹书写人同一认定的认识结果。同一认定作为一项认识活动,具有若干相对独立的认识环节所组成的自身渐进过程。但不同领域内存在的同一认定,通常会因其所处环境的差异而在操作规程上存有区别。故本文即着眼于笔迹鉴定领域的自身特点,对其中所涉及的同一认定操作规程予以考察与研究。检案实务中对于笔迹书写人的同一认定,需要借助于对笔迹特征的比较与分析。其作为个体书写习惯与书写技能在笔迹中客观外显的各类征象,得以揭示出书写习惯的个体差异性。故鉴定人须在对各类笔迹特征予以准确认识与研究的基础上,进一步探索如何合理构建与完善笔迹特征体系的应用,进而夯实其作为鉴别、判断笔迹书写人是否同一的科学依据。笔迹鉴定中的同一认定实务活动,最终涉及到认识结果,即同一认定意见的形成。前述意见的得出,系依赖于科学技术与专门知识的推论,而非对于已发生事实之回忆。故其认识结果的表述,实则为意见之判断,而非事实之陈述。但检案实务中,针对前述同一认定意见表述方式而引发的困惑与疑虑时有发生。故本文在结合实证分析的基础上,对于其同一认定意见表述的现状与困惑予以了深入考察,并提出优化和完善同一认定意见表述方式的若干建议。第四章系笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定证据应用。笔迹鉴定领域内的同一认定作为一项科学认识活动,其结论性意见对于各类诉讼而言具有极为重要的证据价值。然而,前述同一认定意见在证据审查与应用过程中存在的现实困惑与冲突,削弱了其自身应然之价值。为此,本文基于证据学的角度出发,对于笔迹同一认定意见的证据内涵、证据特点予以厘析,并明确其在诉讼活动中所应担负之使命。三大诉讼法规定,证据须经查证属实,才能作为定案之依据。笔迹同一认定意见作为法定证据形式之一,亦不得凌驾于法律对于证据审查的规定之上。然而,认识层面上的观念偏颇以及缺乏统一的审查规则,往往令笔迹同一认定意见的审查流于形式,甚至未经查证属实,即作为案件事实认定之依据。针对这一现实不足与缺陷,本文从域外笔迹同一认定意见审查制度的考察与分析入手,以探求域外发达国家在证据审查上的成熟经验与做法。所谓“他山之石,可以攻玉”。通过对于部分发达国家的笔迹同一认定意见审查之考察,无疑可以从中抽象并归纳出域外笔迹同一认定意见审查的有益经验与积累,并为我国笔迹同一认定意见审查的应然构建提供若干之启示。鉴于司法实践中,针对笔迹同一认定意见争议与矛盾时有发生的现状,本文着重对争议产生的源流以及冲突主要涉及之对象予以了综合考量。在梳理争议冲突产生源流的基础上,本文从本质层面揭示了争议与冲突背后所隐藏并衍生出的相应问题,并以此为前提探索笔迹同一认定意见争议解决与调适的合理化路径。第五章系笔迹鉴定视域下的同一认定保障基石。笔迹鉴定中同一认定活动的科学性与可靠性,直接影响到其认识结果是否可以作为诉讼证据为法庭所采纳、采信。前述专门性活动的科学性、可靠性保障,即需要对影响其质量的要素实行有效控制,使其有章可循,有据可查,确保这一专门性活动“行为公正、程序、规范、方法科学、数据准确、结论可靠”。然而,质量监控在笔迹同一认定中的起步较晚,实践中亦存在诸多影响笔迹同一认定意见的因素。鉴此,本文在对前述因素予以深入分析与考量后,针对影响笔迹同一认定质量的关键要素,从主体资格、材料流转、鉴定过程、判断依据以及报告出具等方面,提出若干强化笔迹同一认定质量的实施性规则。此外,笔迹鉴定领域内对于书写人的认定,多依赖于鉴定人的主观经验与知识结构。相关技术标准的长期缺失,一定层面上制约了同一认定活动的可靠程度。故本文在笔迹同一认定技术标准完善与实施方面所提出的相关建议,亦可在一定程度上保障笔迹同一认定意见的科学性与可靠性。
[Abstract]:From the date of birth, handwriting identification is constantly exploring and answering such a question: what is the origin of the objective handwriting in the case. It can be said that the key to the correct problem, that is, how to realize the identity of the same person through handwriting. Therefore, the same identification is also regarded as a handwriting identification, and even the whole judicial identification collar. One of the basic theories and core bases of the domain is the end of the 50s of.20 century. After the same cognizance principle was introduced into our country from the former Soviet Union, the research on the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis after the introduction of the former Soviet Union to China, and the study of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification has formed a certain theoretical basis. At the same time, the existence of a large number of handwriting identification cases in judicial practice also provides very valuable experience for the same cognizance research. But objectively, the current research on the same identification in the field of handwriting identification is concentrated on the experience structure and a specific level, and the related results are still not very rich. The systematic analysis and Research on the same identification in the perspective of handwriting identification is an important issue to be solved at the point of view of the combination of theoretical system and empirical analysis. Therefore, this paper is based on this, from the theoretical orientation, demonstration basis, practical analysis, evidence should be used and the multi-dimensional perspective of guaranteeing the cornerstone, and more deeply to the pen. There are six chapters in the full text including the introduction part, which are divided into six chapters, and the total number of words is about 240 thousand. The specific contents are as follows: in the introduction part, the author first expounds the research background and the significance of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. Secondly, it aims at the identification of handwriting and the same one at home and abroad. To identify the relevant literature, explain and summarize, clarify the current research status and existing achievements of the domestic and foreign academic circles on the foregoing problems. On this basis, it is able to objectively evaluate the same cognizance research in the field of the current handwriting identification. In order to provide some useful references for this study, the shortcomings and shortcomings found in the literature study and combing can be guided and concerned by the problem consciousness so as to provide the necessary paving for the systematic discussion and demonstration in the process of this study. Finally, the introduction is aimed at the research methods and research contents of this article. The first chapter focuses on the connotation of the same term in the same cognizance. In view of the different interpretations and theories of the "same" term in the current academic circles, this article from the essential meaning of the "same" is given. With the analysis and judgment, the exact understanding of the "same" term is put forward. Secondly, this article, through the discrimination of "similarity" and "the same" and "the same", emphasizes that the object of "the same" is the same as itself. In terms of the identity of the identity in the field of handwriting identification, this article from the interpretation of the definition It not only clears its theory of theory and elements, but also makes a deep grasp of it from the point of view of rational cognition. Although there are various kinds of cases in the case of handwriting identification, although it will affect the specific pattern of the same cognizance, no matter which pattern it is, the special points are basically the same. Therefore, this paper focuses on the pattern classification respectively. With the observation angle of the main characteristics, the author makes an analysis and discussion about the identity in the identification of handwriting. Objectively, the domain of the same identification activity is not limited to the handwriting identification. Based on the characteristics of the same cognizance, this article chooses the daily life, the criminal investigation and the same identification activities in his identification, and the handwriting appraisal. In the end, in view of the questions and puzzles about the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification, the author also gives a comprehensive review and induction to clarify the problems to be solved urgently. The second chapter is the basis of the same identification in the field of handwriting identification. In the past twenty years, An era of suspicion of judicial expertise has come. In various disputes and doubts, the identity of the writer is often at the top of the dispute because of its scientific doubts. But the long-term practice and effectiveness of the same identification in the field of handwriting has confirmed the proof of the identity of the writer in the same aspect. Value. Considering only the argument of its scientific nature, we can eliminate the controversy and question that the same cognizance is faced with. Therefore, this paper gives a systematic evidence and interpretation of its scientific nature from the objective basis of identification in the identification, the basis of the inspection mechanism and the scientific basis. It is the key to determine whether the handwriting identification can use the same cognizance activity to make a cognizance to the writer. In this paper, the in-depth understanding and interpretation of the external reflection, individual difference and relative stability presented by the individual writing habits have clearly defined the three necessary elements of the same identification in the handwriting identification. Second, the test mechanism of the same cognizance proves the reason why the writer can give the same cognizance to the writer through the handwriting. At the same time, the explanation of the two inspection mechanisms of writing skills and writing habits also enhances the accumulation of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. Third, the same identification as a special recognition. Behind the knowledge activities, the Department is supported by the corresponding scientific basis. For the identification of handwriting, the same cognizance research involves not only the very macro philosophical level, but also the physiological, psychological and jurisprudential fields. Therefore, this paper makes the same identification of the handwriting identification from the perspectives of philosophy, physiology, psychology and law. The third chapter is the analysis and analysis of the same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification. In addition to the systematic study of the same cognizance in the identification of handwriting from the theoretical level, the discussion and improvement of its practical application are also a subject that can not be ignored. The same cognizance activity, only on the basis of the case practice, can form the cognitive result of the identity of the handwriting writer. As a cognitive activity, the same cognizance is a gradual process consisting of a number of relatively independent cognitive links. However, the same cognizance in different fields is usually due to the difference of its environment. There is a difference in the operating rules. Therefore, this article focuses on the characteristics of the field of handwriting identification, and investigates and studies the same cognizance operation rules involved in it. In the case of the case, the identity of handwriting writers should be compared and analyzed. On the basis of accurate understanding and study of all kinds of handwriting characteristics, the appraisers should further explore how to construct and perfect the application of the handwriting characteristic system, and then consolidate it as the identification and judge whether the handwriting person is identical or not. Scientific basis. The same cognizance practice in the identification of handwriting ultimately involves the result of cognition, that is, the formation of the same cognizance. The conclusion of the foregoing is dependent on the inference of science and technology and expertise, not the recollection of the facts that have occurred. Therefore, the statement of the results of the knowledge is the judgment of the opinion, not the statement of the facts. However, in the case of the case, the confusion and doubts arising from the expression of the same cognizance opinion have occurred. Therefore, on the basis of the empirical analysis, this paper makes a thorough investigation on the present situation and confusion of the same affirmation opinion, and puts forward some suggestions to optimize and improve the expression of the same opinion. The fourth chapter is a series of suggestions. In the field of handwriting identification, the same identification evidence is applied. The same cognizance in the field of handwriting identification is a scientific cognition activity, and its concluding comments have very important evidence value for all kinds of litigation. However, the same cognizance opinion weakens the actual confusion and conflict in the examination and application of evidence. On the basis of evidence science, this paper analyzes the connotation of evidence, the characteristics of evidence and its mission in litigation. The three major procedural laws stipulate that the evidence must be verified and verified as a basis for the decision. One of the forms of definite evidence should not be overriding the law's regulations on the examination of evidence. However, the bias of ideas and the lack of a unified review rule often make the examination of the same identification of the handwriting flow in the form, or even without the evidence, as the basis for the fact of the case. This article begins with the investigation and analysis of the examination system of the same recognition opinion in the foreign countries, in order to find out the mature experience and practice of the developed countries in the evidence review. In view of the current situation in the judicial practice, in view of the current situation in the judicial practice, the origin of the controversy and the conflict are mainly concerned. On the basis of combing the origin of the conflict and conflict, this paper reveals the corresponding problems hidden behind the dispute and conflict from the essential level, and explores the rationalization path of the resolution and adjustment of the same cognizance dispute. The fifth chapter is the same identification guarantee under the perspective of handwriting identification. Cornerstone. The scientificity and reliability of the same identification activity in the identification of handwriting directly affects whether the results of the recognition can be adopted as a litigation evidence for the court, the scientific nature and reliability guarantee of the previous specialized activities, that is, the need for effective control of the factors affecting its quality, so that it can follow the rules, and ensure this A special activity "behavior justice, procedure, standard, method science, accurate data, reliable conclusion". However, quality monitoring in the same identification of handwriting is late, in practice there are many factors that affect the same identification. To identify the key elements of quality, from the aspects of subject qualification, material circulation, identification process, judgment basis and report issue, some enforcement rules are put forward to strengthen the same quality of handwriting. In addition, the identification of handwriting in the field of handwriting depends on the subjective experience and structure of knowledge. Long term deletion restricts the reliability of the same cognizance activity at a certain level. Therefore, the relevant suggestions on the perfection and implementation of the same identification technical standard in this paper can also guarantee the scientificity and reliability of the same cognizance opinion to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D918.92

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