国外民事登记制度及其对我国户籍制度改革的启示

发布时间：2018-06-22 15:27

本文选题：国外民事登记制度 + 制度变迁　；参考：《华东师范大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 当前,我国正在逐步推进户籍制度改革,系统研究国外民事登记制度对推进改革具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文采用文献集成法、比较研究法、问题导向法、实证分析与规范分析结合法,基于理论探索和实践分析两条思路,对世界各地不同发展时期的民事登记制度进行了系统研究。全文主要分为三大部分,理论基础部分为第一章,主要闸明选题意义、回顾已有研究、梳理理论意涵并提出问题,实证分析部分为第二至第五章,第三部分为总结与提升。首先,本文系统梳理了国外不同制度类型和不同发展阶段国家的民事登记制度,总结民事登记制度在各国的社会管理功能和基本运作模式,以及在制度转型过程中发生的变化,并对与我国有历史可比性和现实可比性的国家(地区)的民事登记制度进行深入探讨;在此基础上,文章从立法建设与立法主义、身份制、人口登记与统计、迁移与居住许可、社会管理的实现途径等方面对国外民事登记制度与我国户籍制度进行对比分析;最后,从理论和实践两方面提出国外民事登记制度对我国户籍制度及其改革的启示意义。通过国外民事登记制度的实证研究,得到如下结论: (一)与国外民事登记制度相比: 我国户籍管理立法建设滞后,户籍身份事项管理采取“属人主义”而区别于国外普遍实行的“属地主义”;国外的现代民事登记管理并不存在身份上的不平等,而当代中国的户籍身份仍具有等级性和世袭性,与种姓制度等现代身份制度有着本质的区别的是当代中国的户籍身份制并不具有阶级对抗性;因经济发展水平不同及制度设计差异,世界各国民事登记内容的繁简程度不同,我国采取以家庭为单位的户籍登记方式,区别于西方国家普遍采取的以人为单位的登记方式,这种登记方式差异的实际效应更体现在人口信息的获取与动态统计上,我国户籍登记的常规人口统计手段已经越来越难以反映真实的人口变动信息;我国公民基本可以实现居住地的自由选择,但尚未实现户籍迁移、法律意义上的迁徙自由,户籍迁移实行事前许可制,与国际惯例不符;就社会管理的实现途径而言,我国户籍制度与国外的差别主要体现在信息化程度较低、管制性较为明显。 (二)从国外民事登记制度看我国户籍制度及其改革: 第一,户籍制度在不同地区和不同历史时期以不同的形式和强度存在着,它既不是计划经济的产物,也非中国所特有。将世界各地的户籍制度置于宏观的历史背景下进行考察,可以发现,户籍制度的功能变迁具有鲜明的时代特点,而当前中国的户籍制度仍具有“封建时代”的属性。因此,对中国户籍制度不能存有太多偏见,而应历史地评价它的功能和功过,制度本身不应成为备受责难的对象,必须避免形成将中国户籍制度过度“特例化”的倾向。第二,当代中国户籍制度既延承和变通了传统户籍制度的等级性、世袭性,以及社会治安与人口统计合一的功能,又具有相当程度的“苏联元素”。其中,制度基础由家庭关系转变为劳动关系是中国户籍制度对苏联制度的最大借鉴,招生录取、国企招工录用、工作调动、参军这几条户口身份转换途径无一不体现着正式的劳动关系。第三,户籍制度并不必然导致社会排斥。当代中国户籍排斥与国外种姓排斥、种族排斥、经济排斥、政治排斥存在明显差异,不同类型的社会排斥对各国的城市化进程和经济发展也有着显著不同的影响。第四,移民的冲击逐渐模糊着身份的制度界线,但这并不代表真正的身份意义的消失,原住民的身份价值是长期存在的,移民的进入并不会降低原住民的身份价值,移民只有试图提高自己的身份才能与原住民平等圣诞、融合,但这是一个长期的过程,甚至需要将希望寄托在下一代人的身上。尤其在中国存在户籍显性约束的条件下,流动人口的城市融合过程会更慢,时间要求也更长。第五,流动人口的非永久性迁移是工业化和城市化进程中一种普遍、必然的现象,绝非依附于户籍制度、通行证制度之类的具有限制人口迁移功能的制度实体而存在,虽然流动人口的非永久性迁移在我国因户籍制度的存在被进一步强化,但必须客观认识户籍制度改节在促进人口迁移和城市化方面的有限作用。第六,中国户籍制度改革应该与城市化进程相关联,在快速城市化阶段应该适当保持户籍制度的身份功能,让户籍制度为城市化进程的稳定性服务,但在这个过程中,户籍制度的身份功能一定要慢慢淡化。第七,在农村基本社会保障尚不健全的条件下,土地是流动人口的基本生活保障和最后防线,户籍制度改革过程中针对农地制度的设计应充分尊重流动人口的利益、意愿和选择,以避免重蹈拉美覆辙。第八,推进户籍管理立法,逐步完善人口登记与管理体制,向以人为主的动态管理转变,分时期、按步骤建立人口管理信息系统,短期内可尝试人口定点追踪获取区域人口信息。
[Abstract]:At present, China is progressively promoting the reform of the household registration system. The systematic study of the system of foreign civil registration is of great theoretical and practical value to the promotion of reform. This paper adopts the method of literature integration, comparative research, problem oriented, empirical analysis and normative analysis, based on two ideas of theoretical exploration and practice analysis. The civil registration system in different stages of development is systematically studied.
The full text is divided into three parts. The first part of the theory is the first chapter. It mainly discusses the significance of the topic, reviews the existing research, combs the theoretical implications and raises the questions, the empirical analysis part is second to fifth chapters, the third part is the summary and promotion. Firstly, this paper systematically combs the civil types of different countries and different countries in different stages of development. The registration system summarizes the social management function and basic mode of operation of civil registration system in various countries, and changes in the process of system transformation, and probes into the civil registration system of the country (region) with the historical comparability and reality comparable to our country. On this basis, the article is from legislative construction and legislation. The system of foreign civil registration and the household registration system of our country are compared and analyzed in terms of share system, population registration and statistics, migration and residence permit and the way of social management. Finally, the Enlightenment of the foreign civil registration system on the household registration system and its reform in China is put forward from two aspects of theory and practice.
Through the empirical study of foreign civil registration system, we get the following conclusions:
(1) compared with the foreign civil registration system:
The legislative construction of the household registration management in China is lagging behind. The management of household registration matters is different from the "territorialism" which is generally implemented in foreign countries. The modern civil registration management abroad does not exist in the identity, but the household registration status in contemporary China is still hierarchical and hereditary, and the modern identity system such as the caste system and so on. There is an essential difference in degree. The household registration system in contemporary China does not have class antagonism. Because of the different level of economic development and the difference of system design, the complexity of the civil registration content in the world is different. The household registration method is adopted in our country, which is different from the general adoption of human units in the western countries. In this way, the actual effect of this kind of registration difference is more embodied in the acquisition and dynamic statistics of population information. The conventional demographic methods of census register in China have become more and more difficult to reflect the true information of population change; the citizens of our country can basically realize the free choice of the residence, but have not yet realized the migration of the household registration, in the legal sense. The freedom of migration and the permanent registration of household registration are not consistent with international practice. As far as the realization of social management is concerned, the difference between the household registration system and the foreign countries is mainly reflected in the lower level of information and more obvious control.
(two) look at the household registration system and its reform from the perspective of foreign civil registration system.
First, the household registration system exists in different forms and intensities in different regions and different historical periods. It is neither a product of planned economy nor unique in China. In the historical background of the household registration system all over the world, it is found that the function changes of the household registration system have distinct characteristics of the times, and the current characteristics of the household registration system are characteristic of the times. The household registration system in China still has the attribute of the "feudal era". Therefore, there is not too much prejudice on the household registration system in China, and it should be historically evaluated its function and merit. The system itself should not be the subject of the much blame. It must avoid the tendency to form the excessive "special case" of the household registration system in China.
Second, the contemporary Chinese household registration system not only extends and adapts the hierarchy of the traditional household registration system, hereditary nature, and the function of the combination of social security and population statistics, but also has a considerable degree of "Soviet element". In this, the transformation of the system foundation from family relations to labor relations is the greatest reference for the Soviet system, and the enrollment of the Chinese household registration system. Admission, recruitment of state-owned enterprises, mobilization of work, and the way of changing the status of these household members all reflect the formal labor relations.
Third, the household registration system does not necessarily lead to social exclusion. There are obvious differences between the domicile exclusion of contemporary China and the exclusion of foreign castes, racial exclusion, economic exclusion and political exclusion, and the different types of social exclusion have significant different effects on the urbanization and economic development of various countries.
Fourth, the immigrant impact gradually blurs the identity system boundary, but this does not represent the disappearance of the real identity. The identity value of the aboriginal is a long-term existence. The entry of immigrants will not reduce the identity value of the Aboriginal, and the immigrants can only try to improve their identity with the indigenous people to be equal in Christmas and integration, but this is a The long-term process even needs to be placed on the next generation, especially in the presence of domicile constraints in China, where the urban integration process of the floating population will be slower and the time is longer.
Fifth, the non permanent migration of the floating population is a universal and inevitable phenomenon in the process of industrialization and urbanization. It is not dependent on the household registration system, the permit system and other institutional entities that restrict the migration of the population, although the non permanent migration of the floating population has been further strengthened in China because of the existence of the household registration system. But we must objectively understand the limited role of the reform of household registration system in promoting population migration and urbanization.
Sixth, the reform of the household registration system in China should be related to the process of urbanization. In the rapid urbanization stage, the identity function of the household registration system should be properly maintained, and the household registration system will serve the stability of the urbanization process. In this process, the identity function of the household registration system must be slowly desalinated.
Seventh, under the condition that the rural basic social security is not yet perfect, the land is the basic life guarantee and the last line of defense for the floating population. In the process of the reform of the household registration system, the design of the farmland system should fully respect the interests of the floating population, the wishes and the choice, so as to avoid the repeat of Latin America.
Eighth, promote the household registration management legislation, gradually improve the population registration and management system, change to the dynamic management based on people, divide the period, set up the population management information system according to the steps, and try to track and obtain the regional population information in the short term.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D631.42

【引证文献】